This paper formalizes the domain of tree-based XML processing and classifies several implementation approaches. The lazy approach, an original contribution, is presented in depth.

Components are built for reuse, so component integration is usually personally, physically, and temporally separated from component design. For components from different sources to interoperate, adaptations are usually required. Unfortunately, most existing architectures treat them as mere work-arounds for design problems. This paper presents a lightweight XML-based middleware for component communication. In our architecture, component adaptation is considered an integral part of component deployment.