Introduction Agents are increasingly upon us. Although opposition is rare, \intelligent agents" have been attacked for user interface problems, and on larger social issues. Agent supporters have countered these arguments and raised doubts about alternative technologies. We place this in historical, social, and ethical contexts, noting the cyclic nature of such debates. One conclusion is that many problems with arti cial agents arise from a poor understanding of social aspects of human agents. 2. Historical Perspectives The history of technology has seen many movements call for human-like systems, and use anthropomorphic terminology to generate understanding and support. Such movements often make excessive claims, perhaps misled by their own rhetoric or their (sometimes impressive) partial success. This raises unrealistic expectations, which often leads to disappointment, which is surprisingly often followed by rebirth with similar goals, and somewhat improved terminology and techno