vi Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii List of Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv I Orthogonal Graph Drawing 1 1

A combinatorial argument for two finite structures to agree on all sentences with bounded quantifier rank in first-order logic with any set of unary generalized quantifiers, is given. It is known that connectivity of finite structures is neither in monadic \Sigma 1 1 nor in L !! (Q u ), where Q u is the set of all unary generalized quantifiers. Using this combinatorial argument and a combination of second-order EhrenfeuchtFra iss'e games developed by Ajtai and Fagin, we prove that connectivity of finite structures is not in monadic \Sigma 1 1 with any set of unary quantifiers, even if sentences are allowed to contain built-in relations of moderate degree. The combinatorial argument is also used to show that no class (if it is not in some sense trivial) of finite graphs defined by forbidden minors, is in L !! (Q u ). Especially, the class of planar graphs is not in L !! (Q u ). 1. Introduction The expressive power of first-order logic L !! is rather limited. This is beca...

This paper considers the problem of verifying the correctness of geometric structures. In particular, we design simple optimal checkers for convex polytopes in two and higher dimensions, and for various types of planar subdivisions, such as triangulations, Delaunay triangulations, and convex subdivisions. Their performance is analyzed also in terms of the algorithmic degree, which characterizes the arithmetic precision required

We clarify the computational complexity of planarity testing, by showing that planarity testing is hard for L, and lies in SL. This nearly settles the question, since it is widely conjectured that L = SL [25]. The upper bound of SL matches the lower bound of L in the context of (nonuniform) circuit complexity, since L/poly is equal to SL/poly. Similarly, we show that a planar embedding, when one exists, can be found in FL SL . Previously, these problems were known to reside in the complexity class AC 1 , via a O(log n) time CRCW PRAM algorithm [22], although planarity checking for degree-three graphs had been shown to be in SL [23, 20].

A graph is called a string graph if its vertices can be represented by continuous curves ("strings") in the plane so that two of them cross each other if and only if the corresponding vertices are adjacent. It is shown that there exists a recursive function f(n) with the property that every string graph of n vertices has a representation in which any two curves cross at most f(n) times. We obtain as a corollary...

Graph minors and the theory of graphs embedded in surfaces are

We prove a parameterized analog of Schaefer’s Dichotomy Theorem: we show that for every finite boolean constraint family F, deciding whether a formula containing constraints from F has a satisfying assignment of weight exactly k is either fixed-parameter tractable (FPT) or W[1]complete. We give a simple characterization of those constraints that make the problem fixed-parameter tractable. The special cases when the formula is restricted to be bounded occurrence, bounded treewidth or planar are also considered, it turns out that in these cases the problem is in FPT for every constraint family F. 1

We address in this paper the problem of constructing embeddings of planar graphs satisfying declarative, user-defined topological constraints. The constraints consist each of a cycle...

We consider two graph invariants that are used as a measure of nonplanarity: the splitting number of a graph and the size of a maximum planar subgraph. The splitting number of a graph G is the smallest integer k 0, such that a planar graph can be obtained from G by k splitting operations. Such operation replaces a vertex v by two nonadjacent vertices v 1 and v 2 , and attaches the neighbors of v either to v 1 or to v 2 . We prove that the splitting number decision problem is NP-complete. We obtain as a consequence that planar subgraph remains NP-complete when restricted to graphs with maximum degree 3, when restricted to graphs with no subdivision of K 5 , or when restricted to cubic graphs, problems that have been open since 1979.

The problem of counting unlabelled subtrees of a tree (i.e., subtrees that are distinct up to isomorphism) is #P-complete, and hence equivalent in computational difficulty to evaluating the permanent of a 0,1-matrix.