To explain how stimuli cause consciousness, we have to explain causality. We can't trace linear causal chains from receptors after the first cortical synapse, so we use circular causality to explain neural pattern formation by self-organizing dynamics. But an aspect of intentional action is causality, which we extrapolate to material objects in the world. Thus causality is a property of mind, not matter.

occupied researchers for many years and filled many books. A brief revew such as this cannot cover such a broad topic. Instead, provided here are a few concepts, reflecting somewhat different viewpoints from those in standard textbooks. The first of these concepts is that there are three distinct peripheral catecholamine systems, each with different effectors, regulation, and roles. The three systems are the sympathetic nervous system, adrenomedullary hormonal system, and DOPA-dopamine autocrine/paracrine system. This contrasts with the traditional concept, promulated by WALTER B. CANNON, of a unitary sympathoadrenal system. It also contrasts with the notion of HANS SELYE that release of “adrenalines ” characterizes the acute phase of what he called the “General Adaptation Syndrome.” Both these investigators held to the view that all forms of stress lead to the same stereotyped response. Indeed, in line with this “doctrine of nonspecificity, ” SELYE defined stress as the nonspecific response of the body to any demand imposed upon it [1]. According to a relatively new concept, however, stress responses have a primitive kind of specificity, with differential responses of the sympathetic nervous and adrenomedullary hormonal systems, depending on the type and intensity of the stressor as sensed by the organism and interpreted in light of experience [2]. Another concept in this paper that contrasts with CANNON'S teachings is that instead of the sympathetic nervous system becoming active only in emergencies, tonic sympathetic nervous outflows to several vascular beds, organs, and glands maintain levels of a variety of monitored variables, both under resting conditions and in response to eve-

Music is regarded in biological terms as originating in the brain, so that most explanations concentrate on the ways in which brains process information. Recent studies of the nonlinear dynamics of the primary sensory cortices have shown that the patterns that are constructed by chaotic nonlinear dynamics in cortical neuropil replace stimulus driven activity. This finding supports the concept that knowledge in brains is entirely constructed within them without direct transfer of information from outside. As knowledge increases by learning, brains of individuals grow progressively apart. The separation results from the uniqueness of the knowledge that is constructed within each brain. The resulting condition of isolation is known among philosophers as epistemological solipsism. This view is reinforced by the tenets of aesthetics, which emphasize the deeply personal experiences of individuals, not as active listeners but as passive recipients of beauty in music and other arts. Neither conventional neuroscience nor aesthetics can explain the deep emotional power of music to move humans to action.

Appeals of philosophers to look for new concepts in sciences are being met with a weak response. Limited attention is paid to the relation between synthetic and analytic approach in solving problems of biology. An attempt is presented to open a discussion on a possible role of holism. The term “life manifestations ” is used in accordance with phenomenology. Multicellular creatures maintain milieu intérieur to keep an aqueous milieu intracellulair in order to transform the energy of nutrients into the form utilizable for driving cellular life manifestations. Milieu intérieur enables to integrate this kind of manifestations into life manifestations of the whole multicellular creatures. The integration depends on a uniqueness and uniformity of the genome of cells, on their mutual recognition and adherence. The processes of ontogenetic development represent the natural mode of integration of cellular life manifestations. Functional systems of multicellular creatures are being established by organization of integrable cells using a wide range of developmental processes. Starting from the zygote division the new being displays all properties of a whole creature, although its life manifestations vary. Therefore, the whole organism is not only more than its parts, as supposed by holism, but also more than developmental stages of its life manifestations. Implicitly, the units of whole multicellular creature are rather molecular and developmental events than the cells per se. Holism, taking in mind the existence of molecular and space-time biology, could become a guide in looking for a new mode of the combination of analytical and synthetic reasoning in biology. Key words