The paper explores language learning in the limit under various constraints on the number of mindchanges, memory, and monotonicity. We define language learning with limited (long term) memory and prove that learning with limited memory is exactly the same as learning via set driven machines (when the order of the input string is not taken into account). Further we show that every language learnable via a set driven machine is learnable via a conservative machine (making only justifiable mindchanges). We get a variety of separation results for learning with bounded number of mindchanges or limited memory under restrictions on monotonicity. Many separation results have a variant: If a criterion A can be separated from B, then often it is possible to find a family L of languages such that L is A and B learnable, but while it is possible to restrict the number of mindchanges or long term memory...

A new view of learning is presented. The basis of this view is a natural notion of reduction. We prove completeness and relative difficulty results. An infinite hierarchy of intrinsically more and more difficult to learn concepts is presented. Our results indicate that the complexity notion captured by our new notion of reduction differs dramatically from the traditional studies of the complexity of the algorithms performing learning tasks. 2 1 Introduction Traditional studies of inductive inference have focused on illuminating various strata of learnability based on varying the definition of learnability. The research following the Valiant's PAC model [Val84] and Angluin's teacher/learner model [Ang88] paid very careful attention to calculating the complexity of the learning algorithm. We present a new view of learning, based on the notion of reduction, that captures a different perspective on learning complexity than all prior studies. Based on our prelimanary reports, Jain...

Abstract. U-shaped learning is a learning behaviour in which the learner first learns a given target behaviour, then unlearns it and finally relearns it. Such a behaviour, observed by psychologists, for example, in the learning of past-tenses of English verbs, has been widely discussed among psychologists and cognitive scientists as a fundamental example of the non-monotonicity of learning. Previous theory literature has studied whether or not U-shaped learning, in the context of Gold’s formal model of learning languages from positive data, is necessary for learning some tasks. It is clear that human learning involves memory limitations. In the present paper we consider, then, the question of the necessity of U-shaped learning for some learning models featuring memory limitations. Our results show that the question of the necessity of Ushaped learning in this memory-limited setting depends on delicate tradeoffs between the learner’s ability to remember its own previous conjecture, to store some values in its longterm memory, to make queries about whether or not items occur in previously seen data and on the learner’s choice of hypotheses space. 1

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A mere bounded number of random bits judiciously employed by a probabilistically correct algorithmic coordinator is shown to increase the power of learning to coordinate compared to deterministic algorithmic coordinators. Furthermore, these probabilistic algorithmic coordinators are provably not characterized in power by teams of deterministic ones. An insightful, enumeration technique based,...