We analyze a mobile wireless link comprising M transmitter and N receiver antennas operating in a Rayleigh flatfading environment. The propagation coefficients between pairs of transmitter and receiver antennas are statistically independent and unknown; they remain constant for a coherence interval of T symbol periods, after which they change to new independent values which they maintain for another T symbol periods, and so on. Computing the link capacity, associated with channel coding over multiple fading intervals, requires an optimization over the joint density of T 1 M complex transmitted signals. We prove that there is no point in making the number of transmitter antennas greater than the length of the coherence interval: the capacity for M?Tis equal to the capacity for M = T . Capacity is achieved when the T 2M transmitted signal matrix is equal to the product of two statistically independent matrices: a T 2 T isotropically distributed unitary matrix times a certain T 2M random matrix that is diagonal, real, and nonnegative. This result enables us to determine capacity for many interesting cases. We conclude that, for a fixed number of antennas, as the length of the coherence interval increases, the capacity approaches the capacity obtained as if the receiver knew the propagation coefficients. Index Terms---Multielement antenna arrays, space--time modulation, wireless communications. I.

We consider linear equations y = Φα where y is a given vector in R n, Φ is a given n by m matrix with n < m ≤ An, and we wish to solve for α ∈ R m. We suppose that the columns of Φ are normalized to unit ℓ 2 norm 1 and we place uniform measure on such Φ. We prove the existence of ρ = ρ(A) so that for large n, and for all Φ’s except a negligible fraction, the following property holds: For every y having a representation y = Φα0 by a coefficient vector α0 ∈ R m with fewer than ρ · n nonzeros, the solution α1 of the ℓ 1 minimization problem min �x�1 subject to Φα = y is unique and equal to α0. In contrast, heuristic attempts to sparsely solve such systems – greedy algorithms and thresholding – perform poorly in this challenging setting. The techniques include the use of random proportional embeddings and almost-spherical sections in Banach space theory, and deviation bounds for the eigenvalues of random Wishart matrices.

In this paper we review the most peculiar and interesting information-theoretic and communications features of fading channels. We first describe the statistical models of fading channels which are frequently used in the analysis and design of communication systems. Next, we focus on the information theory of fading channels, by emphasizing capacity as the most important performance measure. Both single-user and multiuser transmission are examined. Further, we describe how the structure of fading channels impacts code design, and finally overview equalization of fading multipath channels.

The University of Florida Sparse Matrix Collection is a large, widely available, and actively growing set of sparse matrices that arise in real applications. Its matrices cover a wide spectrum of problem domains, both those arising from problems with underlying 2D or 3D geometry (structural engineering, computational fluid dynamics, model reduction, electromagnetics, semiconductor devices, thermodynamics, materials, acoustics, computer graphics/vision, robotics/kinematics, and other discretizations) and those that typically do not have such geometry (optimization, circuit simulation, networks and graphs, economic and financial modeling, theoretical and quantum chemistry, chemical process simulation, mathematics and statistics, and power networks). The collection meets a vital need that artificially-generated matrices cannot meet, and is widely used by the sparse matrix algorithms community for the development and performance evaluation of sparse matrix algorithms. The collection includes software for accessing and managing the collection, from MATLAB, Fortran, and C.

Transmit beamforming and receive combining are simple methods for exploiting the significant diversity that is available in multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems. Unfortunately, optimal performance requires either complete channel knowledge or knowledge of the optimal beamforming vector which are not always realizable in practice. In this correspondence, a quantized maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) beamforming technique is proposed where the receiver only sends the label of the best beamforming vector in a predetermined codebook to the transmitter. By using the distribution of the optimal beamforming vector in independent identically distributed Rayleigh fading matrix channels, the codebook design problem is solved and related to the problem of Grassmannian line packing. The proposed design criterion is flexible enough to allow for side constraints on the codebook vectors. Bounds on the codebook size are derived to guarantee full diversity order. Results on the density of Grassmannian line packings are derived and used to develop bounds on the codebook size given a capacity or SNR loss. Monte Carlo simulations are presented that compare the probability of error for different quantization strategies.

In this paper, we study the capacity of multiple-antenna fading channels. We focus on the scenario where the fading coefficients vary quickly; thus an accurate estimation of the coefficients is generally not available to either the transmitter or the receiver. We use a noncoherent block fading model proposed by Marzetta and Hochwald. The model does not assume any channel side information at the receiver or at the transmitter, but assumes that the coefficients remain constant for a coherence interval of length symbol periods. We compute the asymptotic capacity of this channel at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in terms of the coherence time , the number of transmit antennas , and the number of receive antennas . While the capacity gain of the coherent multiple antenna channel is min bits per second per hertz for every 3-dB increase in SNR, the corresponding gain for the noncoherent channel turns out to be (1 ) bits per second per herz, where = min 2 . The capacity expression has a geometric interpretation as sphere packing in the Grassmann manifold.

Let x �1 � denote the square of the largest singular value of an n × p matrix X, all of whose entries are independent standard Gaussian variates. Equivalently, x �1 � is the largest principal component variance of the covariance matrix X ′ X, or the largest eigenvalue of a p-variate Wishart distribution on n degrees of freedom with identity covariance. Consider the limit of large p and n with n/p = γ ≥ 1. When centered by µ p = � √ n − 1 + √ p � 2 and scaled by σ p = � √ n − 1 + √ p��1 / √ n − 1 + 1 / √ p � 1/3 � the distribution of x �1 � approaches the Tracy–Widom lawof order 1, which is defined in terms of the Painlevé II differential equation and can be numerically evaluated and tabulated in software. Simulations showthe approximation to be informative for n and p as small as 5. The limit is derived via a corresponding result for complex Wishart matrices using methods from random matrix theory. The result suggests that some aspects of large p multivariate distribution theory may be easier to apply in practice than their fixed p counterparts. 1. Introduction. The

This paper presents an overview of recent progress in the area of multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) space–time coded wireless systems. After some background on the research leading to the discovery of the enormous potential of MIMO wireless links, we highlight the different classes of techniques and algorithms proposed which attempt to realize the various benefits of MIMO including spatial multiplexing and space–time coding schemes. These algorithms are often derived and analyzed under ideal independent fading conditions. We present the state of the art in channel modeling and measurements, leading to a better understanding of actual MIMO gains. Finally, the paper addresses current questions regarding the integration of MIMO links in practical wireless systems and standards.

We derive performance limits for two closely related communication scenarios involving a wireless system with multiple-element transmitter antenna arrays: a point-to-point system with partial side information at the transmitter, and a broadcast system with multiple receivers. In both cases, ideal beamforming is impossible, leading to an inherently lower achievable performance as the quality of the side information degrades or as the number of receivers increases. Expected signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) and mutual information are both considered as performance measures. In the point-to-point case, we determine when the transmission strategy should use some form of beamforming and when it should not. We also show that, when properly chosen, even a small amount of side information can be quite valuable. For the broadcast scenario with an SNR criterion, we find the efficient frontier of operating points and show that even when the number of receivers is larger than the number of antenna array ...

Recent theoretical results describing the sum capacity when using multiple antennas to communicate with multiple users in a known rich scattering environment have not yet been followed with practical transmission schemes that achieve this capacity. We introduce a simple encoding algorithm that achieves near-capacity at sum rates of tens of bits/channel use. The algorithm is a variation on channel inversion that regularizes the inverse and uses a “sphere encoder ” to perturb the data to reduce the power of the transmitted signal. This paper is comprised of two parts. In this first part, we show that while the sum capacity grows linearly with the minimum of the number of antennas and users, the sum rate of channel inversion does not. This poor performance is due to the large spread in the singular values of the channel matrix. We introduce regularization to improve the condition of the inverse and maximize the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio at the receivers. Regularization enables linear growth and works especially well at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), but as we show in the second part, an additional step is needed to achieve near-capacity performance at all SNRs.