Techniques are described for reducing complexity in stringed instrument simulation for purposes of digital synthesis. These include commuting losses and dispersion to consolidate them into a single lter, replacing body resonators by look-up tables, simplied bow-string interaction, and single-lter, multiply-free coupled strings implementation. Contents 1 Digital Waveguide Theory 2 2 The Terminated String 4 3 Simplied Body Filters 5 4 Simplied Bowed Strings 8 5 Coupled Strings 10 6 Summary 14 7 Appendix 14 1 Page 2 1 Digital Waveguide Theory This section summarizes the digital waveguide model for vibrating strings. Further details can be found in [Smith 1992]. Position y (t,x) 0 x . . . . . . 0 K String Tension e = Mass/Length Figure 1: The ideal vibrating string. The wave equation for the ideal (lossless, linear, exible) vibrating string, depicted in Fig. 1, is given by Ky 00 = y where K = string tension y = y(t; x) = linear mass density _ y...

Recent research in physical modeling of musical instruments for purposes of sound synthesis is reviewed. Recent references, results, and outstanding problems are highlighted for models of strings, winds, brasses, percussion, and acoustic spaces. Emphasis is placed on digital waveguide models and the musical acoustics research on which they are based.

Digital waveguide modeling of a nonlinear vibrating string is investigated when the nonlinearity is essentially caused by tension modulation. We derive synthesis models where the nonlinearity is implemented with a time-varying fractional delay filter. Also, conversion from a dual-delay-line physical model into a single-delay-loop model is explained. Realistic synthetic tones with nonlinear effects are obtained by introducing minor amendments to a linear string synthesis algorithm. It is shown how synthetic plucked-string tones are modified as a consequence of tension modulation. Examples of synthesized tones are available at

this paper reviews two applications in digital waveguide modeling: single reed woodwinds (such as the clarinet), and bowed strings (such as the violin). In these applications, a sustained sound is synthesized by the interaction of the digital waveguide with a nonlinear junction causing spontaneous, self-sustaining oscillation in response to an applied mouth pressure or bow velocity, respectively. This type of nonlinear oscillation forms the basis of the Yamaha "VL" series of synthesizers ("VL" standing for "virtual lead"). 2 Single-Reed Instruments

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This article describes physical modelling techniques that can be used for simulating musical instruments. The methods are closely related to digital signal processing. They discretize the system with respect to time, because the aim is to run the simulation using a computer. The physics-based modelling methods can be classified as mass–spring, modal, wave digital, finite difference, digital waveguide and source–filter models. We present the basic theory and a discussion on possible extensions for each modelling technique. For some methods, a simple model example is chosen from the existing literature demonstrating a typical use of the method. For instance, in the case of the digital waveguide modelling technique a vibrating string model is discussed, and in the case of the wave digital filter technique we present a classical piano hammer model. We tackle some nonlinear and time-varying models and include new results on the digital waveguide modelling of a nonlinear string. Current trends and future directions in physical modelling of musical instruments are discussed.