Drawing graphs is an important problem that combines flavors of computational geometry and graph theory. Applications can be found in a variety of areas including circuit layout, network management, software engineering, and graphics. The main contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows: ffl We devise a model for dynamic graph algorithms, based on performing queries and updates on an implicit representation of the drawing, and we show its applications. ffl We present several efficient dynamic drawing algorithms for trees, series-parallel digraphs, planar st-digraphs, and planar graphs. These algorithms adopt a variety of representations (e.g., straight-line, polyline, visibility), and update the drawing in a smooth way.

A directed graph is upward planar if it can be drawn in the plane such that every edge is a monotonically increasing curve in the vertical direction, and no two edges cross. An undirected graph is rectilinear planar if it can be drawn in the plane such that every edge is a horizontal or vertical segment, and no two edges cross. Testing upward planarity and rectilinear planarity are fundamental problems in the effective visualization of various graph and network structures. In this paper we show that upward planarity testing and rectilinear planarity testing are NP-complete problems. We also show that it is NP-hard to approximate the minimum number of bends in a planar orthogonal drawing of an n-vertex graph with an O(n 1\Gammaffl ) error, for any ffl ? 0.

Recent work has looked at extending the k-Means algorithm to incorporate background information in the form of instance level must-link and cannot-link constraints. We introduce two ways of specifying additional background information in the form of # and # constraints that operate on all instances but which can be interpreted as conjunctions or disjunctions of instance level constraints and hence are easy to implement. We present complexity results for the feasibility of clustering under each type of constraint individually and several types together. A key finding is that determining whether there is a feasible solution satisfying all constraints is, in general, NP-complete. Thus, an iterative algorithm such as k-Means should not try to find a feasible partitioning at each iteration. This motivates our derivation of a new version of the k-Means algorithm that minimizes the constrained vector quantization error but at each iteration does not attempt to satisfy all constraints. Using standard UCI datasets, we find that using constraints improves accuracy as others have reported, but we also show that our algorithm reduces the number of iterations until convergence. Finally, we illustrate these benefits and our new constraint types on a complex real world object identification problem using the infra-red detector on an Aibo robot.

Practical solid modeling systems are plagued by numerical problems that arise from using floatingpoint arithmetic. For example, polyhedral solids are often represented by a combination of geometric and combinatorial information. The geometric information might consist of explicit plane equations, with floating-point coefficients; the combinatorial information might consist of face, edge, and vertex adjacencies and orientations, with edges defined by face-face adjacencies and vertices by edge-edge adjacencies. Problems arise when numerical error in geometric operations causes the geometric information to become inconsistent with the combinatorial information. These problems could be avoided by using exact arithmetic instead of floating-point arithmetic. However, some operations, like rotation, increase the number of bits required to represent the plane equation coefficients. Since the execution time of exact arithmetic operators increases with the number of bits in the operands, the inc...

In this paper we present an extensive experimental study...

An orthogonal drawing of a graph is a drawing such that nodes are placed on grid points and edges are drawn as sequences of vertical and horizontal segments. In this paper we present linear time algorithms that produce orthogonal drawings of graphs with n nodes. If the maximum degree is four, then the drawing produced by our first algorithm needs area at most (roughly) 0:76n 2 , and introduces at most 2n + 2 bends. Also, each edge of such a drawing has at most two bends. Our algorithm is based on forming and placing pairs of vertices of the graph. If the maximum degree is three, then the drawing produced by our second algorithm needs at most (roughly) 1 4 n 2 area and, if the graph is biconnected, at most b n 2 c + 3 bends. These upper bounds match the upper bounds known for planar graphs of maximum degree 3. This algorithm produces optimal drawings (within a constant of 2) with respect to the number of bends, since there is a lower bound of n 2 + 1 in the number of bends fo...

This paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we present an overview on the GraphEd system and the implemented graph drawing algorithms. Section 3 explains our evaluation experiments, and Section 4 shows our results. In Section 5 we give a subjective ranking of layout criteria. 2 GraphEd

A k-path query on a graph consists of computing k vertex-disjoint paths between two given vertices of the graph, whenever they exist. In this paper, we study the problem of performing k-path queries, with k < 3, in a graph G with n vertices. We denote with the total length of the paths reported. For k < 3, we present an optimal data structure for G that uses O(n) space and executes k-path queries in output-sensitive O() time. For triconnected planar graphs, our results make use of a new combinatorial structure that plays the same role as bipolar (st) orientations for biconnected planar graphs. This combinatorial structure also yields an alternative construction of convex grid drawings of triconnected planar graphs.

We study planar orthogonal drawings of graphs and provide lower bounds on the number of bends along the edges. We exhibit graphs on n vertices that require \Omega\Gamma n) bends in any layout, and show that there exist optimal drawings that require\Omega\Gamma n) bends and have all of them on a single edge of length\Omega\Gamma n 2 ). This work finds applications in VLSI layout, aesthetic graph drawing, and communication by light or microwave. Keywords: planar embedding, VLSI layout, orthogonal drawing, bends. November 26, 1994 Research supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant CCR-9007851, by the U.S. Army Research Office under grant DAAL03-91-G-0035, by the Office of Naval Research and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under contract N00014-83-K-0146 and ARPA order 6320, amendment 1, and by Cadre Technologies, Inc. y Research supported in part by the Texas Advanced Research Program under Grant No. 3972. z Research supported in part by th...

It is well-known that inference in graphical models is hard in the worst case, but tractable for models with bounded treewidth. We ask whether treewidth is the only structural criterion of the underlying graph that enables tractable inference. In other words, is there some class of structures with unbounded treewidth in which inference is tractable? Subject to a combinatorial hypothesis due to Robertson et al. (1994), we show that low treewidth is indeed the only structural restriction that can ensure tractability. Thus, even for the “best case” graph structure, there is no inference algorithm with complexity polynomial in the treewidth. 1