Information technology (IT) acceptance research has yielded many competing models, each with different sets of acceptance determinants. In this paper, we (1) review user acceptance literature and discuss eight prominent models, (2) empirically compare the eight models and their extensions, (3) formulate a unified model that integrates elements across the eight models, and (4) empirically validate the unified model. The eight models reviewed are the theory of reasoned action, the technology acceptance model, the motivational model, the theory of planned behavior, a model combining the technology acceptance model and the theory of planned behavior, the model of PC utilization, the innovation diffusion theory, and the social cognitive theory. Using data from four organizations over a six-month period with three points of measurement, the eight models explained between 17 percent and 53 percent of the variance in user intentions to use information technology. Next, a unified model, called the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), was formulated, with four core determinants of intention and usage, and up to four moderators of key relationships. UTAUT was then tested using the original data and found to outperform the eight individual models (adjusted R 2 of 69 percent). UTAUT was then confirmed with data from two new organizations with similar

One result of the increasing sophistication and complexity of MIS theory and research is the number of studies hypothesizing and testing for 1 V. Sambamurthy was the accepting senior editor for this paper. Carte & Russell/Moderation Errors RESEARCH ESSAY moderation effects. A review of the MIS and broader management literatures suggests researchers investigating moderated relationships often commit one or more errors falling into three broad categories: inappropriate use or interpretation of statistics, misalignment of research design with phenomena of interest, and measurement or scaling issues. Examples of nine common errors are presented. Commission of these errors is expected to yield literatures characterized by mixed results at best, and thoroughly erroneous results at worse. Procedures representing examples of best practice and reporting guidelines are provided to help MIS investigators avoid or minimize these errors.

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Wireless network technologies present unique opportunities and challenges for businesses, and Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are no exception. Recently Vankatesh et al. (2003) proposed a more complete model for the understanding of the acceptance and adoption of Information Technology. Their model builds upon and extends beyond the well established Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). This study utilizes this new Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to further validate the model and enhance our understanding of the adoption of wireless technologies as well as SME adoption.

Previous research which consolidates the growing body of academic literature on small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and electronic business (eBusiness) has taken the form of meta-analyses which focus on analysing adoption factors, pre-2000 articles and a small number of journals. This paper makes a valuable contribution to the analysis of SME-eBusiness research by addressing the limitations of past literature analyses because it presents an extensive literature review of 120 SME-eBusiness journal articles published between 2003 and 2006 in 53 journals. This paper is unique, when compared to meta-analyses of adoption factors, because it analyses the SME-eBusiness literature broadly on the basis of the data collection approaches used, countries and eBusiness technologies studied, and the primary research objective of each article. This approach to the analysis revealed a number of limitations in the existing research such as the tendency: to treat SMEs and eBusiness applications homogeneously rather than as highly diverse, complex entities; to repeat adoption factor studies which have now reached saturation point; and to focus on SMEs themselves without considering the complexity of relationships which many SMEs have with family, friends, other businesses and eBusiness solution providers. These limitations highlight the need for new research directions which move beyond identifying and evaluating adoption factors. The paper concludes by outlining a number of broad research directions which might help

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This paper explores the opportunities for travel agencies in relation to the World Wide Web (WWW). The WWW coupled with Business Process Re-Engineering (BPR) has the potential to radically change the nature of the Travel Agent's business by providing on-line booking for customers twenty four hours a day, information and graphics on demand, and the facility for agents to access a wider variety of information sources and bargains. Hence, travel agents would be less dependent on the wholesale suppliers they are currently tied to. In addition, a model of Web technology diffusion is used to determine the pattern of technology adoption in travel agencies. Our survey of travel agencies found that a large percentage were either not using the WWW or had no plans to do so. Those that used the WWW had introduced the technology without much planning, especially at enterprise level. The diffusion of Web technology has much in common with that found in a study of an Australian university. Because of the lack of planning the potential of Web based electronic commerce is not being realised and businesses are not being re-engineered. The future for many travel agents is under threat because of competition from on-line travel agents and from customers using the Internet to book travel arrangements in a do-it-yourself manner.

Approved by the head of the department of Management _____/____ _ 200_ _ , and awarded the grade___________________________________________________ This study investigates the selection of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software and the success of their acquisition process in wholesale companies. The objective of the theoretical part of this study is to examine ERP software acquisition from packaged software acquisition point of view and to construct a framework for analyzing ERP software acquisitions. The objective of the empirical part of this study, then, is to investigate the criteria and process used in the ERP software selection and the success of the ERP software acquisition process in wholesale companies. In the theoretical part of this study, a framework for analyzing ERP software acquisitions is proposed on the basis of a pilot study and review of prior research. This framework is operationalized into a research questionnaire that is used in a survey among Finnish wholesale companies reported in the empirical part of the study. The survey was conducted in cooperation with two Finnish trade unions, The Association of

We identify factors that influence the intent of undergraduate information systems majors to pursue IT certification. Previous research has revealed that IT/IS hiring managers may use certification as a job requirement or to differentiate between job candidates with similar levels of education and experience. As well, salary surveys have shown that certified employees often make more money and bonuses than non-certified workers. If teachers and trainers wanted better to influence students ’ decisions about IT certification when the job market signals that being certified gives an applicant an advantage in being hired, where would they begin? We used interview and survey data and a well-known theory, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), to identify the factors that influence students ’ intentions to earn an IT certification. The TPB proposes that three constructs, 1) Attitude, 2) Subjective Norms, and 3) Perceived Behavioral Control, are significant in predicting Behavioral Intention, which in turn predicts behavior. Recent research suggests that Attitude can be predicted using two more constructs: Affect (emotion) and Cognition (outcome beliefs). We conducted interviews with undergraduates to identify outcome beliefs. We also identified referent groups for Subjective Norms and Self-Efficacy beliefs for measuring Perceived Behavioral Control. We used measures validated in other studies to

The respondents ’ ‘Perspective on measurement ’ is an important design consideration in contemporary Information System (IS) evaluations. An Enterprise System (ES), unlike a traditional Information System, entails many stakeholders ranging from top executives to data entry operators. These stakeholders typically have multiple and often conflicting objectives and priorities and rarely agree on a set of common aims. The importance of analyzing ES-success at multiple levels within organizations has been discussed among academics for several decades with no clear consensus with the employment cohorts. There is no universal agreement on what employment cohorts should be canvassed. This paper seeks to identify the salient stakeholders of ES and illustrate the importance of assessing ES-success from multiple perspectives. The two-phased study analyses data of 310 respondents and examines 81 IS-success studies. The study identifies three key employment cohorts in the context of ES and highlights the importance of measuring ES-success from a multi-stakeholder view point. 1