Abstract. Refactoring is the process of changing the structure of code without changing its behavior. Refactoring can be semi-automated with the help of tools, but many existing tools do a poor job of communicating errors triggered by the programmer. This poor communication causes programmers to refactor slowly, conservatively, and incorrectly. In this paper, I demonstrate the problems with current refactoring tools, characterize three new alternative program views to assist in refactoring, and describe a user study that compares these new views against existing tools. The results of the study show that both the speed and accuracy of refactoring can be increased using these new views. The new views exhibit several desirable properties for future refactoring tools. 1