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Do Highly Educated Women Choose Smaller Families? ∗
, 2012
"... Conventional wisdom suggests that in developed countries income and fertility are negatively correlated. We present new evidence that between 2001 and 2009 the cross-sectional relationship between fertility and women’s education in the U.S. is U-shaped. At the same time, average hours worked increas ..."
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Conventional wisdom suggests that in developed countries income and fertility are negatively correlated. We present new evidence that between 2001 and 2009 the cross-sectional relationship between fertility and women’s education in the U.S. is U-shaped. At the same time, average hours worked increase monotonically with women’s education. This pattern is true for all women and mothers to newborns regardless of marital status. In this paper, we advance the marketization hypothesis for explaining the positive correlation between fertility and female labor supply along the educational gradient. In our model, raising children and home-making require parents ’ time, which could be substituted by services bought in the market such as babysitting and housekeeping. Highly educated women substitute a significant part of their own time for market services to raise children and run their households, which enables them to have more children and work longer hours.
1. THE CHALLENGE OF “POPULATION GROWTH”
"... While the majority of the population is now estimated to live in regions with below re-placement fertility, high fertility, poor reproductive health outcomes and relatively rapid population growth remain an important concern in several low income countries. Inter-national and national spending devot ..."
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While the majority of the population is now estimated to live in regions with below re-placement fertility, high fertility, poor reproductive health outcomes and relatively rapid population growth remain an important concern in several low income countries. Inter-national and national spending devoted to family planning, however, has declined signif-icantly in recent years. Recent research has brought about a revision in the understanding of the interactions between population growth and economic development, as well as the effects of family planning programs in terms of reduced fertility, improved reproductive health outcomes and other life-cycle and intergenerational consequences. This paper dis-cusses recent evidence about the benefits of family planning programs and the interactions between population growth and developments, and it attempts to estimate benefit-cost ratios for increased spending on family planning.1 2. THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION: AN UNFINISHED SUCCESS STORY The demographic transition in developing countries during the 2nd half to the 20th century is widely considered a “success story”. Between 1950–55 and 2005–10, the life expectancy in less developed countries2 increased from 42.3 to 66 years (a total gain of 23.7 years, or an
the source. Human Capital and Fertility in Chinese Clans Before Modern Growth
, 2013
"... Health and Human Development (R03 HD042731-01) is gratefully acknowledged. The paper was ..."
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Health and Human Development (R03 HD042731-01) is gratefully acknowledged. The paper was
A Two-Tiered Demographic System: “Insiders ” and “Outsiders ” in Three Swabian Communities, 1558-1914
, 2013
"... Notes: Center discussion papers are preliminary materials circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comments. ..."
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Notes: Center discussion papers are preliminary materials circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comments.
FERTILITY CONVERGENCE THROUGH INTERNAL MIGRATION: FRANCE IN THE 19 TH CENTURY *
"... The early decline in French fertility remains a perennial puzzle to economists as France was a relative laggard in urbanization, mortality decline, education and social insurance. We analyze how internal migrations within the 90 French départements affected the convergence in fertility rates between ..."
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The early decline in French fertility remains a perennial puzzle to economists as France was a relative laggard in urbanization, mortality decline, education and social insurance. We analyze how internal migrations within the 90 French départements affected the convergence in fertility rates between 1871 and 1911. We compute migration rates between two departments over time, as opposed to the overall migration rate, and look for the effect of fertility in the resident and birthplace departments on fertility in respectively the birthplace département of emigrants and the residence département of immigrants. We use bilateral transport costs as an instrumental variable to solve for the endogeneity of migration choices. Our results suggest a role for the transmission of fertility norm in explaining the convergence of fertility rates in France.
**Preliminary and incomplete **
, 2012
"... Abstract: The introduction of the first antibiotics in the United States in the late 1930s led simultaneously to a sharp fall in infant and maternal mortality. We study the fertility response to these changes. Consistent with theoretical predictions, we find that the fall in maternal mortality led t ..."
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Abstract: The introduction of the first antibiotics in the United States in the late 1930s led simultaneously to a sharp fall in infant and maternal mortality. We study the fertility response to these changes. Consistent with theoretical predictions, we find that the fall in maternal mortality led to increased fertility. The fall in infant mortality increased fertility on the extensive margin but decreased it on the intensive margin. Our results contribute to a small empirical literature that provides well-identified estimates of the quantity-quality tradeoff and they support the contention of “essential complementarity ” posited in a recent extension to the canonical model (Aaronson, et al, 2012)
Fertility and Modernity
, 2014
"... We investigate the historical dynamics of the decline in fertility in Europe and its relation to measures of cultural and ancestral distance. We test the hypothesis that the decline of fertility was associated with the di¤usion of social and behavioral changes from France, in contrast with the sprea ..."
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We investigate the historical dynamics of the decline in fertility in Europe and its relation to measures of cultural and ancestral distance. We test the hypothesis that the decline of fertility was associated with the di¤usion of social and behavioral changes from France, in contrast with the spread of the Industrial Revolution, where England played a leading role. We argue that the di¤usion of the fertility decline and the spread of industrialization followed di¤erent patterns because societies at di¤erent relative distances from the respective innovators (the French and the English) faced di¤erent barriers to imitation and adoption, and such barriers were lower for societies that were historically and culturally closer to the innovators. We provide a model of fertility choices in which the transition from higher to lower levels of fertility is the outcome of a process of social innovation and social inuence, whereby late adopters observe and learn about the novel behaviors, norms and practices introduced by early adopters at the frontier. In the empirical analysis we study the determinants of marital fertility in a sample of European populations and regions from 1830 to 1970, and successfully test our theoretical predictions using measures of genetic distance between European populations and a novel data set of ancestral linguistic distances between European regions.
Research Article
, 2015
"... This open-access work is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 2.0 Germany, which permits use, reproduction & distribution in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author(s) and source are given credit. See ..."
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This open-access work is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 2.0 Germany, which permits use, reproduction & distribution in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author(s) and source are given credit. See
Population
"... Copenhagen Consensus 2012: Challenge Paper on "Population Growth" While the majority of the population is now estimated to live in regions with below replacement fertility, high fertility, poor reproductive health outcomes and relatively rapid population growth remain an important concern ..."
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Copenhagen Consensus 2012: Challenge Paper on "Population Growth" While the majority of the population is now estimated to live in regions with below replacement fertility, high fertility, poor reproductive health outcomes and relatively rapid population growth remain an important concern in several low income countries. International and national spending devoted to family planning, however, has declined significantly in recent years. Recent research has brought about a revision in the understanding of the interactions between population growth and economic development, as well as the effects of family planning programs in terms of reduced fertility, improved reproductive health outcomes and other life-cycle and intergenerational consequences. This paper discusses recent evidence about the benefits of family planning programs and the interactions between population growth and developments, and it attempts
DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2013.29.44 Research Article
, 2013
"... Patterns of reproductive behavior in transitional Italy: The rediscovery of the Italian fertility survey of 1961 ..."
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Patterns of reproductive behavior in transitional Italy: The rediscovery of the Italian fertility survey of 1961
