Although commentators periodically declare that Freud is dead, his repeated burials lie on shaky grounds. Critics typically attack an archaic version of psychodynamic theory that most clinicians similarly consider obsolete. Central to contemporary psychodynamic theory is a series of propositions about (a) unconscious cognitive, affective, and motivational processes; (b) ambivalence and the tendency for affective and motivational dynamics to operate in parallel and produce compromise solutions; (c) the origins of many personality and social dispositions in childhood; (d) mental representations of the self, others, and relationships; and (e) developmental dynamics. An enormous body of research in cognitive, social, developmental, and personality psychology now supports many of these propositions. Freud's scientific legacy has implications for a wide range of domains in psychology, such as integration of affective and motivational constraints into connectionist models in cognitive science. Freud, like Elvis, has been dead for a number of years but continues to be cited with some regularity. Although the majority of clinicians report that they rely to some degree upon psychodynamic 1 principles

Abstract Social science research demonstrates that people are drawn to others perceived as similar. We extend this finding to political candidates by comparing the relative effects of candidate familiarity as well as partisan, issue, gender, and facial similarity on voters ’ evaluations of candidates. In Experiment 1, during the week of the 2006 Florida gubernatorial race, a national representative sample of voters viewed images of two unfamiliar candidates (Crist and Davis) morphed with either themselves or other voters. Results demonstrated a strong preference for facially similar candidates, despite no conscious awareness of the similarity manipulation. In Experiment 2, one week before the 2004 presidential election, a national representative sample of voters evaluated familiar candidates (Bush and Kerry). Strong partisans were unmoved by the facial similarity manipulation, but weak partisans and independents preferred the candidate with whom their own face had been morphed over the candidate morphed with another voter. In Experiment 3, we compared

Recent research has demonstrated that merely measuring an individual's intentions changes their subsequent behavior. Several different alternative explanations have been proposed to explain why this "mere-measurement effect" occurs. However, these explanations have not been tested to date. The purpose of this paper is to test several competing explanations for why measuring general intentions (e.g., How likely are you to buy a car?) changes specific behavior (e.g., which specific brand of car is purchased). The results of seven experiments provide a more clear understanding of the cognitive mechanism through which the mere-measurement effect operates. The results show that when asked to provide general intentions to select a product in a given category respondents are more likely to choose options toward which they hold positive and accessible attitudes, and are less likely to choose options for which they hold negative and accessible attitudes, compared to a control group of participa...

Subjects spent 45 s studying the names of 4 members of a hypothetical group. This brief name study exercise produced both implicit liking for and implicit identification with the group. Experiments 2 and 3 replicated these effects and compared them to the mere exposure effect (Zajonc, 1968). The effect due to studying names was much larger than the effect of either 6 extra exposures to each name (in Experiment 2) or 10 extra exposures (in Experiment 3). Implicit partisanship differs from the minimal group effect (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & Flament, 1971) because its procedure involves no membership in the target group, and it differs from the mere exposure effect because the target stimuli are presented as members of a group, rather than multiple times as unrelated individuals. A plausible (but not established) interpretation is that the attitude and identification effects are consequences of mere categorization. `Channel surfing' is the act of rapidly scanning television broadcast channels in search of something interesting to watch. For one of the authors, this pastime produced a repeated and puzzling observation: On arriving at and dwelling at least briefly on a televised sports contest between unfamiliar players or teams, he would often notice a near-immediate preference for one of the competitors -- in effect, taking sides in the contest for no reason. There are many possible explanations for such a rapidly formed preference. For example, the viewer may identify with a competitor who is similar on some noticeable attribute such as home town, age, or ethnicity; or the viewer may prefer (or, alternately, be offended by) one competitor's appearance (such as physical features, clothing, hair style); or the viewer may identify with the competitor who is presently winning,...

ith different meaning, dependingon their content andthe context in which they are used. People may then have nearly asmany selvesas they have significant interpersonal relationships(Sullivan, 1953; see also Kelly, 1955), providing for both contextual variability andthe longstandingrepresentationsasa chronic influence. We assess idiosyncratic knowledge representations in memory and track their influence on affect and mot ivat ion . We also examine how self-regulato ry p rocesses furt her modulat e t hese responses. Our conceptualization focuseson the ways the self is linked to other people who are (or hadbeen) significant, who have hadan impact on one s life, and in whom one is (or once was) emotionally invested. Because mental representat ions of significant others and t heir relat ional linkages to the self are central in t he model, t he emotional investmentsone has in significant othersplay a role in determiningone sresponses, includingone s self-regulato ry effo r ts. One has a rel

We formalize the digital library (DL) integration problem and propose an overall approach based on the 5S (Streams, Structures, Spaces, Scenarios, and Societies) framework. We then apply that framework to integrate domain-specific (archaeological) DLs, illustrating our solutions for key problems in DL integration. An integrated Archaeological DL, ETANA-DL, is used as a case study to justify and evaluate our DL integration approach. We develop a minimum metamodel for archaeological DLs within the 5S theory. We implement the 5SSuite toolkit set to cover the process of union DL generation, including requirements gathering, conceptual modeling, rapid prototyping, and code generation. 5SSuite consists of 5SGraph, 5SGen, and SchemaMapper, which plays an important role during integration. SchemaMapper, a visual mapping tool, maps the schema of diverse DLs into a global schema for a union DL and generates a wrapper for each individual DL. Each wrapper transforms the metadata catalog of its DL to one conforming to the global schema. The converted catalogs are stored in the union catalog, so that the union DL has a global metadata format and union catalog. We also propose a formal approach to DL exploring services for integrated DLs based on 5S, which provides a systematic and functional method to

Briefly studying names of four members of a hypothetical group produces identification with and attraction to that group, a finding labeled implicit partisanship (IP; Greenwald, Pickrell, & Farnham, 2002). The original demonstration of IP used human groups in a competitive context. Experiments 1 and 2 varied these procedures by using, respectively, a cooperative intergroup context and non-human group members (fictitious car brands). Neither of these variations eliminated the IP effect, indicating unanticipated robustness. Experiment 3 revealed a substantial reduction of the IP effect’s magnitude when the studied names represented a rival university. The reduction of IP through identity opposition supports the interpretation that spontaneous group identification effects carry psychological significance that is comparable to that of more ordinary group identifications. keywords group attraction, group identification, Implicit Association Test, implicit partisanship Please take a minute to memorize the following names

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Artificial grammar learning (AGL) is one of the most commonly used paradigms for the study of implicit learning and the contrast between rules, similarity, and associative learning. Despite five decades of extensive research, however, a satisfactory theoretical consensus has not been forthcoming. Theoretical accounts of AGL are reviewed, together with relevant human experimental and neuroscience data. The author concludes that satisfactory understanding of AGL requires (a) an understanding of implicit knowledge as knowledge that is not consciously activated at the time of a cognitive operation; this could be because the corresponding representations are impoverished or they cannot be concurrently supported in working memory with other representations or operations, and (b) adopting a frequency-independent view of rule knowledge and contrasting rule knowledge with specific similarity and associative learning (co-occurrence) knowledge.

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