The paper studies many-dimensional modal logics corresponding to products of Kripke frames. It proves results on axiomatisability, the finite model property and decidability for product logics, by applying a rather elaborated modal logic technique: p-morphisms, the finite depth method, normal forms, filtrations. Applications to first order predicate logics are considered too. The introduction and the conclusion contain a discussion of many related results and open problems in the area.

In this paper we advocate the use of multi-dimensional modal logics as a framework for knowledge representation and, in particular, for representing spatiotemporal information. We construct a two-dimensional logic capable of describing topological relationships that change over time. This logic, called PSTL (Propositional Spatio-Temporal Logic) is the Cartesian product of the well-known temporal logic PTL and the modal logic S4u , which is the Lewis system S4 augmented with the universal modality. Although it is an open problem whether the full PSTL is decidable, we show that it contains decidable fragments into which various temporal extensions (both point-based and interval based) of the spatial logic RCC-8 can be embedded. We consider known decidability and complexity results that are relevant to computation with muli-dimensional formalisms and discuss possible directions for further research.

In this paper, we construct a new concept description language intended for representing dynamic and intensional knowledge. The most important feature distinguishing this language from its predecessors in the literature is that it allows applications of modal operators to all kinds of syntactic terms: concepts, roles and formulas. Moreover, the language may contain both local (i.e., state-dependent) and global (i.e., state-independent) concepts, roles and objects. All this provides us with the most complete and natural means for re ecting the dynamic and intensional behaviour of application domains. We construct a satis ability checking (mosaic-type) algorithm for this language (based on ALC) in(i) arbitrary multimodal frames, (ii) frames with universal accessibility relations (for knowledge) and (iii) frames with transitive, symmetrical and euclidean relations (for beliefs). On the other hand, it is shown that the satisfaction problem becomes undecidable if the underlying frames are arbitrary strict linear orders, hN; <i, or the language contains the common knowledge operator for n 2 agents. 1

The paper considers the set ML1 of first-order polymodal formulas the modal operators in which can be applied to subformulas of at most one free variable. Using a mosaic technique, we prove a general satisfiability criterion for formulas in ML1, which reduces the modal satisfiability to the classical one. The criterion is then used to single out a number of new, in a sense optimal, decidable fragments of various modal predicate logics.

We study two-dimensional Cartesian products of modal logics determined by infinite or arbitrarily long finite linear orders and prove a general theorem showing that in many cases these products are undecidable, in particular, such are the squares of standard linear logics like K4:3, S4:3, GL:3, Grz:3, or the logic determined by the Cartesian square of any infinite linear order. This theorem solves a number of open problems of Gabbay and Shehtman [7]. We also prove a sufficient condition for such products to be not recursively enumerable and give a simple axiomatisation for the square K4:3 K4:3 of the minimal liner logic using non-structural Gabbay-type inference rules.

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The guarded fragment and its extensions and subfragments are often considered as a framework for investigating the properties of description logics. There are also other, some less well-known, decidable fragments of first-order logic which all have in common that they generalise the standard translation of to first-order logic. We provide a short survey of some of these fragments and motivate why they are interesting with respect to description logics, mentioning also connections to other non-classical logics.

this paper. each frame of the class.) For example, K is the logic of all n-ary product frames. It is not hard to see that S5 is the logic of all n-ary products of universal frames having the same worlds, that is, frames hU; R i i with R i = U U . We refer to product frames of this kind as cubic universal product S5 -frames. Note that the `i-reduct' F U 1 U n ; R i of F 1 F n is a union of n disjoint copies of F i . Thus, F and F i validate the same formulas, and so L n L 1 L n : There is a strong interaction between the modal operators of product logics. Every n-ary product frame satis es the following two properties, for each pair i 6= j, i; j = 1; : : : ; n: Commutativity : 8x8y8z xR i y ^ yR j z ! 9u (xR j u ^ uR i z) ^ xR j y ^ yR i z ! 9u (xR i u ^ uR j z) Church{Rosser property : 8x8y8z xR i y ^ xR j z ! 9u (yR j u ^ zR i u) This means that the corresponding modal interaction formulas 2 i 2 j p $ 2 j 2 i p and 3 i 2 j p ! 2 j 3 i p belong to every n-dimensional product logic. The geometrically intuitive many-dimensional structure of product frames makes them a perfect tool for constructing formalisms suitable for, say, spatio-temporal representation and reasoning (see e.g. [33, 34]) or reasoning about the behaviour of multi-agent systems (see e.g. [4]). However, the price we have to pay for the use of products is an extremely high computational complexity|even the product of two NP-complete logics can be non-recursively enumerable (see e.g. [29, 27]). In higher dimensions practically all products of `standard' modal logics are undecidable and non- nitely axiomatisable [16]

Diversity of agents is investigated in the context of standard epistemic logic, dynamic information update, and belief revision. We provide a systematic discussion of different sources of diversities, such as introspection ability, powers of observation, memory capacity, and revision policies. In each case, we show how this diversity can be encoded in a logical system allowing for individual variation among rational agents. We conclude by raising some general issues concerning this view of a logic as a system for encoding a society of diverse agents and their interaction. 1 Diversity Inside Logical Systems Logical systems seem to prescribe one norm for an “idealized agent”. Any discrepancies with actual human behavior are then irrelevant, since the logic is meant to be normative, not descriptive. But logical systems would not be of much appeal if they did not have a plausible link with reality. And this is not just a matter of confronting one ideal norm with one kind of practical behavior. The striking fact is that human and virtual agents are not all the same: actual reasoning takes place in societies of diverse agents. This diversity shows itself particularly clearly in epistemic logic. There have been long debates about the appropriateness of various basic axioms, and they have to do with agents ’ different powers. In particular,

Fibring is a meta-logical constructor that applied to two logics produces a new logic whose formulas allow the mixing of symbols. Homogeneous fibring assumes that the original logics are presented in the same way (e.g via Hilbert calculi). Heterogeneous fibring, allowing the original logics to have different presentations (e.g. one presented by a Hilbert calculus and the other by a sequent calculus), has been an open problem. Herein, consequence systems are shown to be a good solution for heterogeneous fibring when one of the logics is presented in a semantic way and the other by a calculus and also a solution for the heterogeneous fibring of calculi. The new notion of abstract proof system is shown to provide a better solution to heterogeneous fibring of calculi namely because derivations in the fibring keep the constructive nature of derivations in the original logics. Preservation of compactness and semi-decidability is investigated.