ver, in contrast to the reflective hypothesis, alternative memory). Cognitive theory suggests that, unlike item accounts contend that left ventrolateral PFC activation memory, source memory requires controlled cue results from the successful retrieval of episodic details specification and monitoring processes. Functional or operations contingent upon retrieval success (Hen- imaging suggests that such processes may depend son et al., 1999a; Konishi et al., 2000). Thus, at present, on left prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, the nature there is considerable uncertainty regarding the nature and possible anatomical segregation of these pro- of left PFC contributions to source memory. cesses remains unknown. Using functional magnetic Cognitive theory and neuropsychological evidence resonance imaging, we isolated distinct response pat- suggest at least two controlled operations that might terns in left PFC during source memory consistent be more involved in source memory than in item memory

This paper presents a series of simulation experiments related to the interaction of memory and analogy-making in the AMBR model. This interaction makes it possible to demonstrate blending between superficially dissimilar episodes as a result of the established analogical mapping between them and of superficially and structurally dissimilar episodes as a result of a double analogy with a third episode. Both simulation experiments model the blending effect of analogy-making. The conditions for the emergence of such blending are explored on the basis of a proposed specific analogy-like retrieval mechanism.

The central question in this paper is whether analogy-making automatically produces false memories for the mapped situations. Even in the case of analogy verification task where only analogical mapping between two given stimuli is required, analogical transfer seems to be automatically performed in both directions and as a consequence the transferred elements are wrongly recognized as part of the original stimuli. A computational model of the process is presented along with its simulation results and their verification in a psychological experiment. The predictions of the model are supported in the experiment.

Abstract. Connectionist models based on activation spreading and attractor dynamics are functionally limited by representational and processing flexibility constraints, the ‘feature binding problem ’ and the need to balance accurately activation and inhibition. We suggest an alternative approach, in which network units are characterized by two variables: activation and phase. Whereas activation evolves according to a ‘classical ’ connectionist rule, the phase variable is characterized by a chaotic evolution. We present a model of memory retrieval with reference to the paradigmatic McClelland’s 1981 ‘Jets and Sharks ’ model. The model solves the ‘multiple reinstantiation problem’, i.e. the problem of retrieval of multiple items with overlapping features, implied by its classical predecessor. In our network, multiple pattern reinstantiation in terms of activation spreading is disambiguate through selective and differential coherence patterns. The system �exibly represents pattern similarity and feature relationships by means of graded and intermittent synchrony. The domain-general implications of this approach for connectionist ‘interactive activation models ’ and its neurophysiological plausibility are discussed.

We present a connectionist model of false memories called the Associative Self-Organizing Network (ASON) model. Four mechanisms underlying the Constructive Memory Framework (CMF) guide the design of the ASON model, a connectionist operationalisation of the CMF. Simulation studies of experiments in the DRM paradigm reveal the ASON model to exhibit false memories. In addition, the effects of Mean Backward Associative Strength and output order on the probability of false recall are simulated. We conclude that the ASON model is capable of simulating and explaining the main findings on false memories.

iteria. Declarative Memory Observations of preserved and impaired memory in patients with amnesia indicate that the recall and recognition of facts and episodes, or declarative memory, is dependent on a particular subset of brain regions and can be disrupted selectively. How can we develop a better understanding of this selectivity? Indeed, one might pose the question: Why is declarative memory different from all other forms of memory? Here are four answers to this question: 1. Because declarative memory has distinct behavioral characteristics. 2. Because declarative memory has distinct subjective characteristics. 3. Because declarative memory has a distinct cognitive structure. 4. Because declarative memory has distinct neural substrates. Memory theorists tend to give one or another of these answers greater emphasis, as discussed further below. In any event, determi

this article should be addressed to Sabine Windmann, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Fakultat fu r Psychologie, AE Biopsychologie, GAFO 05, Bochum, Germany D-44780. Email: Sabine .Windmann@ruhr-uni-bochum.de Journal of Abnormal Psychology Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 2002, Vol. 111, No. 2, 357--369 0021-843X/02/$5.00 DOI: 10.1037//0021-843X.111.2.357 357 cortex in patients with panic disorder (see also Kaschka, Feistel, & Ebert, 1995; Malizia et al., 1998). This finding suggests that the specific contribution of inferior frontal cortex regions to the development of clinical anxiety may involve a deficit in inhibitory neural activity (see also Crestani et al., 1999)

Abstract not found

... (1988), this paper compares conscious and unconscious processes across waking, nonlucid, and lucid dreams. Sleep psychology can display gross functional dissociation between perceptual and cognitive consciousness. We utilize this observation to develop models of sleep experience and dream generation. These models accommodate Hunt’s (1989) “multiplicity of dreams”, as well as the intrinsic variation of perceptual and cognitive activity during dreaming. Lucid dreams are suggested to result from the presence of a skill-based mental set, the lucid dream context, which allows voluntary interaction with the spontaneous dream process. Our view of dreaming provides an explanation of the tendency of lucid dreams to either fade or revert to nonlucid dreams. Neurobiological considerations lead us to hypothesize that, in the sleeping brain, a reversal of information flow from medial temporal lobe mnemonic structures to thalamocortical perceptual circuits imparts parameterization to dream perceptual consciousness. A consequence of our thinking is that dreaming results in a “mental recombination” of cerebral information networks, which contributes to the ability of waking consciousness to generate novel and adaptive

The conceptual focus of this dissertation is the ability of humans to target episodic memories, i.e., to re-access past states of the world encoded by the memory system. I describe a framework for understanding this process that relies on the interaction of three cognitive systems in the brain: semantic memory, episodic memory, and a context maintenance system that acts to probe the episodic memory system. I build upon previous studies of these systems, in which each of these cognitive systems is mapped onto a particular anatomical region of the brain. Respectively, these areas are posterior cortex, medial temporal lobe, and prefrontal cortex. This framework is investigated in a series of studies of the free recall paradigm. First, I describe a neuroimaging experiment in which I use pattern classification methods to track the second-by-second fluctuations of patterns of brain activity during free recall. The results of this experiment provide evidence of contextual reinstatement processes during the recall period. These results highlight the idea that context effects on memory organization can be carried out by any brain area that has both a relatively stable pattern of activity during the encoding process, and connections with medial temporal lobe brain regions. Second, a behavioral study manipulates the accessibility of memories by changing encoding