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29
From State To Market: A Survey Of Empirical Studies On Privatization
- Journal of Economic Literature
, 2000
"... This paper was developed with financial support from the SBF Bourse de Paris and the New York Stock Exchange, and the assistance of George Sofianos, Bill Tschirhart, and Didier Davidoff is gratefully acknowledged. We appreciate comments received on this paper from Anthony Boardman, Bernardo Bortolot ..."
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Cited by 146 (7 self)
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This paper was developed with financial support from the SBF Bourse de Paris and the New York Stock Exchange, and the assistance of George Sofianos, Bill Tschirhart, and Didier Davidoff is gratefully acknowledged. We appreciate comments received on this paper from Anthony Boardman, Bernardo Bortolotti, Narjess Boubakri, JeanClaude Cosset, Kathy Dewenter, Alexander Dyck, Ivan Ivanov, Ranko Jelic, Claude Laurin, Marc Lipson, Luis Lopez-Calva, John McMillan (the editor), Harold Mulherin, Rob Nash, John Nellis, David Newberry, David Parker, Enrico Perotti, Annette Poulsen, Ravi Ramamurti, Susan Rose-Ackerman, Nemat Shafik, Mary Shirley, Aidan Vining and three anonymous referees. Additionally, we appreciate comments received from participants at the NYSE/Paris Bourse Global Equity Markets conference (Paris, December 1998), the Harvard Institute for International Development Privatization Workshop (June 2000), the International Federation of Stock Exchanges' Third Global Emerging Markets Conference (Istanbul, April 2000), four World Bank and/or International Finance Corporation meetings, two OECD conferences (Paris and Beijing), the 1999 Conference on Privatization and the Kuwaiti Economy in the Next Century, the 1998 Financial Management Association meeting, the 1999 European Financial Management Association meeting, the Fondazione ENI Enrico Mattei (FFEM), the Swiss Banking Institute and Credit Suisse, and seminars at the City University Business School (London), London Guildhall University and the University of Oklahoma. All remaining errors are the authors' alone. Please address correspondence to: William L. Megginson Price College of Business 307 West Brooks, 205A Adams Hall The University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019-4005 Tel: (405) 325-2058; Fax: (405) 325-1957 e-mail:...
A Review of IPO Activity, Pricing, and Allocations
- Journal of Finance
, 2002
"... We review the theory and evidence on IPO activity: why firms go public, why they reward first-day investors with considerable underpricing, and how IPOs perform in the long run. Our perspective is threefold: First, we believe that many IPO phenomena are not stationary. Second, we believe research ..."
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Cited by 54 (6 self)
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We review the theory and evidence on IPO activity: why firms go public, why they reward first-day investors with considerable underpricing, and how IPOs perform in the long run. Our perspective is threefold: First, we believe that many IPO phenomena are not stationary. Second, we believe research into share allocation issues is the most promising area of research in IPOs at the moment. Third, we argue that asymmetric information is not the primary driver of many IPO phenomena.
Building the IPO Order Book: Underpricing and Participation Limits With Costly Information
, 2001
"... This paper examines the book building mechanism for marketing initial public offerings. We present a model where the underwriter selects a group of investors along with a pricing and allocation mechanism in a way that maximizes the information generated during the process of going public at a minimu ..."
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Cited by 27 (3 self)
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This paper examines the book building mechanism for marketing initial public offerings. We present a model where the underwriter selects a group of investors along with a pricing and allocation mechanism in a way that maximizes the information generated during the process of going public at a minimum cost. Unlike previous models, we take into account the moral hazard problem that is faced by investors when evaluation is costly. Our results suggest that for firms with the most to gain from accurate pricing, the number of investors participating in the offering is larger, and underpricing will be greater. When a firm's demand for accuracy is relatively low, the expected amount of underpricing exactly offsets the investors' costs of acquiring information. However, when the demand for accuracy is high, the expected amount of underpricing can exceed the cost of information and investors can earn economic rents
A Law and Finance Analysis of Initial Public Offerings”, working paper
, 2000
"... We analyze how legal rules affect a firm’s decisions to go public, design of securities and initial ownership structure. By extensively using dual-class shares, Swedish IPOs are primarily privately controlled firms that owners take public to maintain control, to raise new capital and to expand by st ..."
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Cited by 12 (0 self)
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We analyze how legal rules affect a firm’s decisions to go public, design of securities and initial ownership structure. By extensively using dual-class shares, Swedish IPOs are primarily privately controlled firms that owners take public to maintain control, to raise new capital and to expand by stock financed acquisitions. 50 % return for a seasoned equity offering. Five years after the IPO, the original owner still controls 2/3 (44%) of the votes (capital). Since control rents associated with a control block are particularly valuable in legal regimes that provide weak minority protection and allow for separation of votes from capital, control positions are never sold piecemeal. This explains the high ownership concentration in countries with such legal regimes. Keywords: JEL classification: G32
Feedback from Stock Prices to Cash Flows
, 2000
"... Feedback from Stock Prices to Cash Flows This paper explores how #nancial market prices directly inuence a #rm's cash ows. Feedback from #nancial market prices to cash ows arises when a #rm's non-#nancial stakeholders, e.g., its customers, employees, and suppliers, make decisions that are contingen ..."
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Cited by 7 (2 self)
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Feedback from Stock Prices to Cash Flows This paper explores how #nancial market prices directly inuence a #rm's cash ows. Feedback from #nancial market prices to cash ows arises when a #rm's non-#nancial stakeholders, e.g., its customers, employees, and suppliers, make decisions that are contingent on the information revealed by the price. When there are complementarities across these stakeholders, such feedback leads to cascades in which relatively small stock price moves trigger substantial changes in asset values. The paper analyzes the relation between such feedback eects and parameters such as the cost of information acquisition, the volume of liquidity trading, the volatility of the value of existing projects, the risk aversion of liquidity suppliers, and the precision of managerial information releases. Introduction Traditional valuation models take as given an investment's cash ow pattern, which, along with a discount rate, determines the price or value of the investment. B...
The choice of private versus public capital markets: Evidence from privatization. unpublished working paper
, 2002
"... Evidence from Privatizations Using a sample of 1,992 privatizations from 92 countries that raised $719 billion between 1977 and 1998, we analyze the choice between raising funds in public versus private capital markets. This choice is influenced by capital market, political and firm-specific factors ..."
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Cited by 5 (0 self)
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Evidence from Privatizations Using a sample of 1,992 privatizations from 92 countries that raised $719 billion between 1977 and 1998, we analyze the choice between raising funds in public versus private capital markets. This choice is influenced by capital market, political and firm-specific factors. Share issue privatizations (sales of shares through public capital markets) are more likely in less developed capital markets, probably as a way to help develop capital markets, and for larger and more profitable state-owned enterprises. In contrast, asset sales (sales to a small group of investors using private capital markets) are more likely to occur where governments respect property
The Timing of Initial Public Offerings
- Journal of Financial Economics
, 2003
"... We study the dynamics of initial public offerings (IPOs) by examining the tradeoff between an entrepreneur’s private benefits, which are lost whenever the firm is publicly traded, and the gains from diversification. We characterize the timing dimension of the decision to go public and its impact on ..."
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Cited by 4 (1 self)
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We study the dynamics of initial public offerings (IPOs) by examining the tradeoff between an entrepreneur’s private benefits, which are lost whenever the firm is publicly traded, and the gains from diversification. We characterize the timing dimension of the decision to go public and its impact on firm value and on the evolution of firm risk over time. By endogenizing the timing of the decision to go public, we explain several puzzling phenomenon: the clustering of IPOs and buyouts in time, the industry concentration of IPO waves, the high incidence of re-privatization of recent IPOs, and the long-run under-performance of recently issued stock relative to the shares of longer-listed companies. The Timing of Initial Public Offerings I.
2004, “On the decision to go public: Evidence from privatelyheld firms”, mimeo
"... We test recent theories of when companies go public which predict that 1) more companies will go public when outside valuations are high or have increased, 2) companies prefer going public when uncertainty about their future profitability is high, and 3) firms whose controlling shareholders enjoy la ..."
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Cited by 3 (1 self)
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We test recent theories of when companies go public which predict that 1) more companies will go public when outside valuations are high or have increased, 2) companies prefer going public when uncertainty about their future profitability is high, and 3) firms whose controlling shareholders enjoy large private benefits of control are less likely to go public. Our analysis tracks a set of 330 privatelyheld German firms which between 1984 and 1995 announced their intention to go public to see whether, when, and how they subsequently sold equity to outside investors. Controlling for private benefits, we find that the likelihood of firms completing an initial public offering increases in the firm’s investment opportunities and valuations. We also show that these effects are distinct from factors that increase firms ’ demand for outside capital more generally.
Investment Opportunities, Liquidity Premium, and Conglomerate Mergers
"... In this paper we show that in a finitely liquid market with asymmetrically informed investors, both the benefits and the costs of diversification vary with the return and risk of the investment opportunities of the firm’s divisions. The benefits come from a reduced liquidity discount in the stock pr ..."
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Cited by 1 (1 self)
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In this paper we show that in a finitely liquid market with asymmetrically informed investors, both the benefits and the costs of diversification vary with the return and risk of the investment opportunities of the firm’s divisions. The benefits come from a reduced liquidity discount in the stock price of the merged firm when its shareholders anticipate less informed trading. The costs are the result of less efficient investment by the merged firm’s divisions due to a less informative stock price. Our results provide explanations for the life cycle of diversification strategies and implications for evaluating merger and spin-off candidates. 2
Business Creation and the Stock Market ¤
, 2002
"... We claim that the stock market encourages business creation, innovation, and growth by allowing the recycling of “informed capital”. Due to incentive and information problems, start-ups face larger costs of going public than mature …rms. Sustaining a tight relationship with a monitor (bank, venture ..."
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Cited by 1 (0 self)
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We claim that the stock market encourages business creation, innovation, and growth by allowing the recycling of “informed capital”. Due to incentive and information problems, start-ups face larger costs of going public than mature …rms. Sustaining a tight relationship with a monitor (bank, venture capitalist) allows them to …nance their operations without going public until pro…tability prospects are clearer or incentive problems are less severe. However, the earlier young …rms go public, the quicker monitors ’ informed capital is redirected towards new start-ups. Hence, when informed capital is in limited supply, factors that lower the costs for start-ups to go public encourage business creation. Technological spill-overs associated with business creation and thick market externalities in the young …rms segment of the stock market provide prima facie cases for encouraging young …rms to go public.

