In this paper we consider an intuitionistic modal logic, which we call IS42 . Our approach is different to others in that we favour the natural deduction and sequent calculus proof systems rather than the axiomatic, or Hilbert-style, system. Our natural deduction formulation is simpler than other proposals. The traditional means of devising a modal logic is with reference to a model, and almost always, in terms of a Kripke model. Again our approach is different in that we favour categorical models. This facilitates not only a more abstract definition of a whole class of models but also a means of modelling proofs as well as provability.

A focused proof system provides a normal form to cut-free proofs in which the application of invertible and non-invertible inference rules is structured. Within linear logic, the focused proof system of Andreoli provides an elegant and comprehensive normal form for cut-free proofs. Within intuitionistic and classical logics, there are various different proof systems in the literature that exhibit focusing behavior. These focused proof systems have been applied to both the proof search and the proof normalization approaches to computation. We present a new, focused proof system for intuitionistic logic, called LJF, and show how other intuitionistic proof systems can be mapped into the new system by inserting logical connectives that prematurely stop focusing. We also use LJF to design a focused proof system LKF for classical logic. Our approach to the design and analysis of these systems is based on the completeness of focusing in linear logic and on the notion of polarity that appears in Girard’s LC and LU proof systems.

This paper gives an introduction to type theory, focusing on its recent use as a logical framework for proofs and programs. The first two sections give a background to type theory intended for the reader who is new to the subject. The following presents Martin-Lof's monomorphic type theory and an implementation, ALF, of this theory. Finally, a few small tutorial examples in ALF are given.

Many different notions of "property of interest" and methods of verifying such properties arise naturally in programming. A general framework of "Specification Structures" is presented for combining different notions and methods in a coherent fashion. This is then applied to concurrency in the setting of Interaction Categories.

We present a meta-logic that contains a new quantifier (for encoding "generic judgment") and inference rules for reasoning within fixed points of a given specification. We then specify the operational semantics and bisimulation relations for the finite π-calculus within this meta-logic. Since we

One of the most important contributions of A. Church to logic is his invention of the lambda calculus. We present the genesis of this theory and its two major areas of application: the representation of computations and the resulting functional programming languages on the one hand and the representation of reasoning and the resulting systems of computer mathematics on the other hand. Acknowledgement. The following persons provided help in various ways. Erik Barendsen, Jon Barwise, Johan van Benthem, Andreas Blass, Olivier Danvy, Wil Dekkers, Marko van Eekelen, Sol Feferman, Andrzej Filinski, Twan Laan, Jan Kuper, Pierre Lescanne, Hans Mooij, Robert Maron, Rinus Plasmeijer, Randy Pollack, Kristoffer Rose, Richard Shore, Rick Statman and Simon Thompson. Partial support came from the European HCM project Typed lambda calculus (CHRXCT-92-0046), the Esprit Working Group Types (21900) and the Dutch NWO project WINST (612-316-607). 1. Introduction This paper is written to honor Church's gr...

Functional programming languages are an ideal medium for program optimisations based on source-to-source transformation techniques. Referential transparency affords opportunities for a wide range of correctness-preserving transformations leading to potent optimisation strategies. This thesis builds on deforestation, a program transformation technique due to Wadler that removes intermediate data structures from first-order functional programs. Our contribution is to reformulate deforestation for higher-order functional programming languages, and to show that the resulting algorithm terminates given certain syntactic and typing constraints on the input. These constraints are entirely reasonable, indeed it is possible to translate any typed program into the required syntactic form. We show how this translation can be performed automatically and optimally. The higher-order deforestation algorithm is transparent. That is, it is possible to determine by examination of the source program w...

david.baelde at ens-lyon.org dale.miller at inria.fr Abstract. The first-order theory of MALL (multiplicative, additive linear logic) over only equalities is an interesting but weak logic since it cannot capture unbounded (infinite) behavior. Instead of accounting for unbounded behavior via the addition of the exponentials (! and?), we add least and greatest fixed point operators. The resulting logic, which we call µMALL = , satisfies two fundamental proof theoretic properties. In particular, µMALL = satisfies cut-elimination, which implies consistency, and has a complete focused proof system. This second result about focused proofs provides a strong normal form for cut-free proof structures that can be used, for example, to help automate proof search. We then consider applying these two results about µMALL = to derive a focused proof system for an intuitionistic logic extended with induction and co-induction. The traditional approach to encoding intuitionistic logic into linear logic relies heavily on using the exponentials, which unfortunately weaken the focusing discipline. We get a better focused proof system by observing that certain fixed points satisfy the structural rules of weakening and contraction (without using exponentials). The resulting focused proof system for intuitionistic logic is closely related to the one implemented in Bedwyr, a recent model checker based on logic programming. We discuss how our proof theory might be used to build a computational system that can partially automate induction and co-induction. 1

Abstract. We introduce ‘atomic flows’: they are graphs obtained from derivations by tracing atom occurrences and forgetting the logical structure. We study simple manipulations of atomic flows that correspond to complex reductions on derivations. This allows us to prove, for propositional logic, a new and very general normalisation theorem, which contains cut elimination as a special case. We operate in deep inference, which is more general than other syntactic paradigms, and where normalisation is more difficult to control. We argue that atomic flows are a significant technical advance for normalisation theory, because 1) the technique they support is largely independent of syntax; 2) indeed, it is largely independent of logical inference rules; 3) they constitute a powerful geometric formalism, which is more intuitive than syntax. 1.

. To any entailment relation [Sco74] we associate a distributive lattice. We use this to give a construction of the product of lattices over an arbitrary index set, of the Vietoris construction, of the embedding of a distributive lattice in a boolean algebra, and to give a logical description of some spaces associated to mathematical structures. 1 Introduction Most spaces associated to mathematical structures: spectrum of a ring, space of valuations of a field, space of bounded linear functionals, . . . can be represented as distributive lattices. The key to have a natural definition in these cases is to use the notion of entailment relation due to Dana Scott. This note explains the connection between entailment relations and distributive lattices. An entailment relation may be seen as a logical description of a distributive lattice. Furthermore, most operations on distributive lattices are simpler when formulated as operations on entailment relations. A special kind of distribu...