This paper concerns some interactions between syntax, pragmatics, and semantics exemplified by the development of the Discourse Markers indeed, in fact, besides, and what role they might play in a theory of grammaticalization, especially of the unidirectionality of grammaticalization.

This paper describes a multi-level design, i.e., a non-uniform approach to interlingual machine translation (MT), in which distinct representational languages are used for different types of knowledge. We demonstrate that a linguistically-motivated "division of labor" across multiple representation levels has not complicated, but rather has readily facilitated, the identification and construction of systematic relations at the interface between each level. Our approach assumes an interlingua derived from the lexical semantics and predicate decomposition approaches of Jackendoff (1983; 1990) and Levin and Rappaport-Hovav (1995a; 1995b). We describe a model of interpretation and representation of natural language sentences which has been implemented as part of an interlingual MT system called PRINCITRAN.

semantic form, how is the expression's spatial semantics to be allocated lexically, i.e., among entries in the lexicon? In interlingua-based ma- chine translation (MT) research, lexical alloca- tion is the problem of allocating or subdividing a linguistic expression's full interlingual (IL) structure into the substructures that are lexical IL forms, i.e., in the lexicon. Here we present our work developing IL forms and an IL lexicon for translating English spatial expressions into Turkish. We examine several co-occurrence patterns between motion verbs (spatial placement and displacement) and directional adpositions (particles in English, postpositions in Turkish) and the lexical allocation of spatial vectors in these patterns.

The meanings expressed by reduplication, or linguistic doubling, are similar across a wide array of languages. Interestingly, some of these shared meanings do not concern doubling, repetition, or plurality. This non-arbitrariness of the sign may be attributable to the interplay of two forces: iconicity, and conceptuallybased semantic extension. Cross-linguistic evidence supporting this account is presented. More generally, this paper argues that the interaction of iconicity and semantic extension constitutes a potentially powerful source of non-arbitrariness in the mapping between sound and meaning.

This abstract addresses two questions with respect to the role of the lexicon in a machine translation (MT) system: 1. What types of MT divergences are appropriately characterized in the lexicon? 2. What are the principles governing the structures and processes of the lexicon that constrain the space of MT divergences? We start our discussion with the following definitions: MT Divergences: all source-language (SL), target-language (TL) sentence translation pairs, where the SL and TL sentences have different structures or convey different information.

this paper, I have used the notion of inflation, as understood in economics, as a starting-point for a discussion of some processes by which the information load of linguistic expressions and constructions decreases. In another paper (Dahl, forthcoming) I introduced the term rhetorical devaluation for those processes. As we have seen, rhetorical devaluation, in its different forms, is involved in grammaticalization in essential ways. Essentially, 3

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January 2011I, Ingrid Lossius Falkum, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis.

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The aim of this paper is to reconsider certain assumptions about conceptual structure which have become influential in recent Cognitive Science and which are associated in particular with the Cognitive Linguistics research agenda. I will outline three areas within the Cognitive Linguistics theory of concepts which seem to create some difficulties in their present formulation: the 'embodied cognition' idea, the function of imagery and the role of metaphor in the structure of concepts.