This paper presents evaluation results on system performance and interaction from the user test of the first prototype of a multimodal conversational system. The system enables spoken and gestural interaction with life-like fairytale author Hans Christian Andersen about his fairytales, life, study, etc. The evaluation is based on structured interviews with 18 target users after their conversations with the system in a controlled laboratory setting. The obtained results are encouraging.

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In the "Triple Brain" approach ("3-Hirn" in German) one human and two computers with different programs are involved. Both programs are started and present one solution each. The human is a controller. He inspects the computer solutions and selects one of them. The human is not allowed to outvote the machines. "Triple Brain" is a "Decision Support System with Multiple Choice Structure": Computer programs (one or several) provide a handful of interesting candidate solutions, and a controller (typically a human) has the final choice among these candidates. This article exhibits and discusses various aspects of Decision Support Systems with Multiple Choice Structure. Key Words and Phrases: Triple Brain, 3-Hirn, Decision Support System, Multiple Choice, Multiple Choice System, man and machine, k-best algorithm, k-best optimization under side constraints, incremental computing; 1 Introduction Humans are able to think, to feel, and to sense. We can also compute, but not too well. Instead,...

Machine Universal state: Q heads: h 1 h 2 R#W head ### 0 1 0 1 #Binary Program# Universal T.M. state: Q heads: h 1 h 2 speed: S Accellerated Figure 1: Various types of Turing machines. In recent years, researchers have looked at natural processes in the physical and biological world as motivation for constructing new models of computation holding out the hope of breaking the #Turing barrier." But are there alternatives? The quantum phenomenon of interference has led to one such model, as has the process of folding of DNA strands in a living cell. In addition, re#nements to the Turing view of computing have led to #super-Turing" models, that allow one to compute in ways that transcend Turing's original scheme. Breaking Turing's barrier is double important: a# theoretically, as unconventional models are explored with an eye toward underst

Mathematics can provide precise formulations of relatively vague concepts and problems from the real world, and bring out underlying structure common to diverse scientific areas. Sometimes very natural mathematical concepts lie neglected and not widely understood for many years, before their fundamental relevance is recognised and their explanatory power is fully exploited. The notion of definability in a structure is such a concept, and Turing’s [77] 1939 model of interactive computation provides a fruitful context in which to exercise the usefulness of definability as a powerful and widely applicable source of understanding. In this article we set out to relate this simple idea to one of the oldest and apparently least scientifically approachable of problems — that of realistically modelling how mental properties supervene on physical ones. Mathematics can provide precise formulations of relatively vague concepts and problems from the real world, and bring out underlying structure common to diverse scientific areas. Sometimes very natural mathematical concepts lie neglected and not widely understood for many years, before their fundamental relevance is recognised and their explanatory power is fully exploited. Previously we have argued that the notion of definability in a structure is such a concept, and pointed to Turing’s [77] 1939 model of interactive computation as providing a fruitful context in which to exercise the usefulness of definability as a powerful and widely applicable source of understanding. Below, we relate this simple idea to one of the oldest and apparently least scientifically approachable of problems — that of realistically modelling how mental properties supervene on physical ones. We will first briefly review the origins with René Descartes of mind-body dualism, and the problem of mental causation. We will then summarise the subsequent difficulties encountered, and their current persistence, and the more recent usefulness of the concept of supervenience in

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Introduction Arti#cial intelligence #AI# is a branch of computer science that studies the computational requirements for tasks such as perception, reasoning, and learning, and develops systems to perform those tasks. AI is a diverse #eld whose researchers address a wide range of problems, use a variety of methods, and pursue a spectrum of scienti#c goals. For example, some researchers study the requirements for expert performance at specialized tasks, while others model commonsense processes; some researchers explain behaviors in terms of low-level processes, using models inspired by the computation of the brain, while others explain them in terms of higher-level psychological constructs such as plans and goals. Some researchers aim to advance understanding of human cognition, some to understand the requirements for intelligence in general #whether in humans or machines#, and some to develop artifacts such as intelligent devices, autonomous agents, and systems that cooperate with

Knowledge Domain Analysis (KDA) research investigates computational support for users who desire to understand and/or participate in the scholarly inquiry of a given academic knowledge domain. KDA technology supports this task by allowing users to identify important features of the knowledge domain such as the predominant research topics, the experts in the domain, and the most influential researchers. This thesis develops the conceptual foundations to integrate two identifiable strands of KDA research: Library and Information Science (LIS), which commits to a citation-based Bibliometrics paradigm, and Knowledge Engineering (KE), which adopts an ontology-based Conceptual Modelling paradigm. A key limitation of work to date is its inability to provide machine-readable models of the debate in academic knowledge domains. This thesis argues that KDA tools should support users in understanding the features of scholarly debate as a prerequisite for engaging with their chosen domain. To this end, the thesis proposes a Scholarly Debate Ontology which specifies the formal vocabulary for constructing representations of debate in academic knowledge domains. The thesis also proposes an analytical approach that is used to automatically

You’ve probably seen them—colorful images with distorted text in them at the bottom of Web registration forms. CAPTCHAs are used by Yahoo, Hotmail, PayPal and many other popular Web sites to prevent automated registrations, and they work because no computer program can currently read distorted text as well as humans can. What you probably don’t know is that a CAPTCHA is something illustration by Jean-François Podevin How lazy cryptographers do AI. COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM February 2004/Vol. 47, No. 2 57more than just an image with distorted text: it is a test, any test, that can be automatically generated, which most humans can pass, but that current computer programs cannot pass. Notice the paradox: a