Runtime bloat degrades significantly the performance and scalability of software systems. An important source of bloat is the inefficient use of containers. It is expensive to create inefficiently-used containers and to invoke their associated methods, as this may ultimately execute large volumes of code, with call stacks dozens deep, and allocate many temporary objects. This paper presents practical static and dynamic tools that can find inappropriate use of containers in Java programs. At the core of these tools is a base static analysis that identifies, for each container, the objects that are added to this container and the key statements (i.e., heap loads and stores) that achieve the semantics of common container operations such as ADD and GET. The static tool finds problematic uses of containers by considering the nesting relationships among the loops where these semantics-achieving statements

Many opportunities for easy, big-win, program optimizations are missed by compilers. This is especially true in highly layered Java applications. Often at the heart of these missed optimization opportunities lie computations that, with great expense, produce data values that have little impact on the program’s final output. Constructing a new date formatter to format every date, or populating a large set full of expensively constructed structures only to check its size: these involve costs that are out of line with the benefits gained. This disparity between the formation costs and accrued benefits of data structures is at the heart of much runtime bloat. We introduce a run-time analysis to discover these low-utility data structures. The analysis employs dynamic thin slicing, which naturally associates costs with value flows rather than raw data flows. It constructs a model of the incremental, hop-to-hop, costs

By studying the behavior of several programs that crash due to memory errors, we observed that locating the errors can be challenging because significant propagation of corrupt memory values can occur prior to the point of the crash. In this paper, we present an automated approach for locating memory errors in the presence of memory corruption propagation. Our approach leverages the information revealed by a program crash: when a crash occurs, this reveals a subset of the memory corruption that exists in the execution. By suppressing (nullifying) the effect of this known corruption during execution, the crash is avoided and any remaining (hidden) corruption may then be exposed by subsequent crashes. The newly-exposed corruption can then be suppressed in turn. By iterating this process until no further crashes occur, the first point of memory corruption – and the likely root cause of the program failure – can be identified. However, this iterative approach may terminate prematurely, since programs may not crash even when memory corruption is present during execution. To address this, we show how crashes can be exposed in an execution by manipulating the relative ordering of particular variables within memory. By revealing crashes through this variable re-ordering, the effectiveness and applicability of the execution suppression approach can be improved. We describe a set of experiments illustrating the effectiveness of

In large programs written in managed languages such as Java and C#, holding unnecessary references often results in memory leaks and bloat, degrading significantly their run-time performance and scalability. Despite the existence of many leak detectors for such languages, these detectors often target low-level objects; as a result, their reports contain many false warnings and lack sufficient semantic information to help diagnose problems. This paper introduces a specification-based technique called LeakChaser that can not only capture precisely the unnecessary references leading to leaks, but also explain, with high-level semantics, why these references become unnecessary. At the heart of LeakChaser is a three-tier approach that uses varying levels of abstraction to assist programmers with different skill levels and code familiarity to find leaks. At the highest tier

Analyzing the runtime behaviors of the data structures is important because they usually relate to the obscured program performance and understanding issues. The runtime evolution history of data structures creates the possibility of building a lightweight and non-checkpointing based solution for the backward analysis for validating and mining both the temporal and stationary properties of the data structure. We design and implement TAEDS, a framework that focuses on gathering the data evolution history of a program at the runtime and provides a virtual machine for programmers to examine the behavior of data structures back in time. We show that our approach facilitates many programming tasks such as diagnosing memory problems and improving the design of the data structures themselves.

State-of-the-art dynamic bug detectors such as data race and memory leak detectors report program locations that are likely causes of bugs. However, static program location is not enough for developers to understand the behavior of increasingly complex and concurrent software. Dynamic calling context provides additional information, but it is expensive to record calling context frequently, e.g., at every read and write. Context-sensitive dynamic analyses can build and maintain a calling context tree to track calling context, but in order to reuse existing nodes, CCT-based approaches require an expensive lookup. This paper introduces the calling context uptree (CCU), a new data structure in which each node points “up ” to its parent instead of “down ” to its children. A CCU-based approach adds low time overhead because it can allocate new nodes quickly, but it adds high space overhead because it cannot reuse existing nodes. However, tracing-based garbage collection (GC) collects unused CCU nodes naturally and efficiently. To reduce space used by the remaining nodes, we present an efficient algorithm that piggybacks on GC to merge redundant nodes lazily. We implement our CCU-based approach in a high-performance Java virtual machine and integrate it with memory leak and data race detectors so they can report context-sensitive sites that cause bugs. We show that despite allocating instead of reusing nodes, our CCU-based approach adds low overhead to these clients and keeps space overhead low by relying on GC and performing lazy merging. The CCU can thus provide low-overhead context sensitivity to a variety of dynamic analyses that report bug causes. 1.