www.loria.fr/{~cirstea,~ckirchne,~lliquori} Abstract. The rewriting calculus, or Rho Calculus (ρCal), is a simple calculus that uniformly integrates abstraction on patterns and nondeterminism. Therefore, it fully integrates rewriting and λ-calculus. The original presentation of the calculus was untyped. In this paper we present a uniform way to decorate the terms of the calculus with types. This gives raise to a new presentation à la Church, together with nine (8+1) type systems which can be placed in a ρ-cube that extends the λ-cube of Barendregt. Due to the matching capabilities of the calculus, the type systems use only one abstraction mechanism and therefore gives an original answer to the identification of the standard “λ ” and “Π” abstractors. As a consequence, this brings matching and rewriting as the first class concepts of the Rho-versions of the Logical Framework (LF) of Harper-

Abstract. In this article, we study the prehistory of type theory up to 1910 and its development between Russell and Whitehead’s Principia Mathematica ([71], 1910–1912) and Church’s simply typed λ-calculus of 1940. We first argue that the concept of types has always been present in mathematics, though nobody was incorporating them explicitly as such, before the end of the 19th century. Then we proceed by describing how the logical paradoxes entered the formal systems of Frege, Cantor and Peano concentrating on Frege’s Grundgesetze der Arithmetik for which Russell applied his famous paradox 1 and this led him to introduce the first theory of types, the Ramified Type Theory (rtt). We present rtt formally using the modern notation for type theory and we discuss how Ramsey, Hilbert and Ackermann removed the orders from rtt leading to the simple theory of types stt. We present stt and Church’s own simply typed λ-calculus (λ→C 2) and we finish by comparing rtt, stt and λ→C. §1. Introduction. Nowadays, type theory has many applications and is used in many different disciplines. Even within logic and mathematics, there are many different type systems. They serve several purposes, and are formulated in various ways. But, before 1903 when Russell first introduced

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