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319
Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding
- Psychological Review
, 1987
"... The perceptual recognition of objects is conceptualized to be a process in which the image of the input is segmented at regions of deep concavity into an arrangement of simple geometric components, such as blocks, cylinders, wedges, and cones. The fundamental assumption of the proposed theory, recog ..."
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Cited by 1272 (23 self)
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The perceptual recognition of objects is conceptualized to be a process in which the image of the input is segmented at regions of deep concavity into an arrangement of simple geometric components, such as blocks, cylinders, wedges, and cones. The fundamental assumption of the proposed theory, recognition-by-components (RBC), is that a modest set of generalized-cone components, called geons (N ^ 36), can be derived from contrasts of five readily detectable properties of edges in a two-dimensional image: curvature, collinearity, symmetry, parallelism, and cotermmation. The detection of these properties is generally invariant over viewing position and image quality and consequently allows robust object perception when the image is projected from a novel viewpoint or is degraded. RBC thus provides a principled account of the heretofore undecided relation between the classic principles of perceptual organization and pattern recognition: The constraints toward regularization (Pragnanz) characterize not the complete object but the object's components. Representational power derives from an allowance of free combinations of the geons. A Principle of Componential Recovery can account for the major phenomena of object recognition: If an arrangement of two or three geons can be recovered from the input, objects can be quickly recognized even when they are occluded, novel, rotated in depth, or extensively degraded. The results from experiments on the perception of briefly presented pictures by human observers provide empirical support for the theory. Any single object can project an infinity of image configura-tions to the retina. The orientation of the object to the viewer can vary continuously, each giving rise to a different two-dimen-sional projection. The object can be occluded by other objects or texture fields, as when viewed behind foliage. The object need not be presented as a full-colored textured image but in-stead can be a simplified line drawing. Moreover, the object can even be missing some of its parts or be a novel exemplar of its
Dynamic binding in a neural network for shape recognition
- Psychological Review
, 1992
"... Given a single view of an object, humans can readily recognize that object from other views that preserve the parts in the original view. Empirical evidence suggests that this capacity reflects the activation of a viewpoint-invariant structural description specifying the object's parts and the ..."
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Cited by 329 (33 self)
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Given a single view of an object, humans can readily recognize that object from other views that preserve the parts in the original view. Empirical evidence suggests that this capacity reflects the activation of a viewpoint-invariant structural description specifying the object's parts and the relations among them. This article presents a neural network that generates such a description. Structural description is made possible through a solution to the dynamic binding problem: Tempo-rary conjunctions of attributes (parts and relations) are represented by synchronized oscillatory activity among independent units representing those attributes. Specifically, the model uses synchrony (a) to parse images into their constituent parts, (b) to bind together the attributes of a part, and (c) to bind the relations to the parts to which they apply. Because it conjoins independent units temporarily, dynamic binding allows tremendous economy of representation and permits the representation to reflect the attribute structure of the shapes represented. A brief glance at Figure 1 is sufficient to determine that it depicts three views of the same object. The perceived equiva-lence of the object across its views evidences the fundamental capacity of human visual recognition: Object recognition is in-
A Survey of Shape Analysis Techniques
- Pattern Recognition
, 1998
"... This paper provides a review of shape analysis methods. Shape analysis methods play an important role in systems for object recognition, matching, registration, and analysis. Researchin shape analysis has been motivated, in part, by studies of human visual form perception systems. ..."
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Cited by 267 (2 self)
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This paper provides a review of shape analysis methods. Shape analysis methods play an important role in systems for object recognition, matching, registration, and analysis. Researchin shape analysis has been motivated, in part, by studies of human visual form perception systems.
Trace inference, curvature consistency, and curve detection
- IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE
, 1989
"... We describe a novel approach to curve inference based on curvature information. The inference procedure is divided into two stages: a trace inference stage, to which this paper is devoted, and a curve synthesis stage, which will be treated in a separate paper. It is shown that recovery of the trace ..."
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Cited by 241 (15 self)
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We describe a novel approach to curve inference based on curvature information. The inference procedure is divided into two stages: a trace inference stage, to which this paper is devoted, and a curve synthesis stage, which will be treated in a separate paper. It is shown that recovery of the trace of a curve requires estimating local models for the curve at the same time, and that tangent and curvature information are sufficient. These make it possible to specify powerful constraints between estimated tangents to a curve, in terms of a neigh-borhood relationship called cocircularity and between curvature esti-mates, in terms of a curvature consistency relation. Because all curve information is quantized, special care must be taken to obtain accurate estimates of trace points, tangents and curvatures. This issue is ad-dressed specifically by the introduction of a smoothness constraint and a maximum curvature constraint. The procedure is applied to two types of images, artificial images designed to evaluate curvature and noise sensitivity, and natural images.
Objects and attention: the state of the art
- Cognition
, 2001
"... What are the units of attention? In addition to standard models holding that attention can select spatial regions and visual features, recent work suggests that in some cases attention can directly select discrete objects. This paper reviews the state of the art with regard to such `object-based &ap ..."
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Cited by 210 (15 self)
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What are the units of attention? In addition to standard models holding that attention can select spatial regions and visual features, recent work suggests that in some cases attention can directly select discrete objects. This paper reviews the state of the art with regard to such `object-based ' attention, and explores how objects of attention relate to locations, reference frames, perceptual groups, surfaces, parts, and features. Also discussed are the dynamic aspects of objecthood, including the question of how attended objects are individuated in time, and the possibility of attending to simple dynamic motions and events. The ®nal sections of this review generalize these issues beyond vision science, to other modalities and ®elds such as auditory objects of attention and the infant's `object concept'. q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Shape Descriptors for Non-rigid Shapes with a Single Closed Contour
- Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
, 2000
"... The Core Experiment CE-Shape-1 for shape descriptors performed for the MPEG-7 standard gave a unique opportunity to compare various shape descriptors for non-rigid shapes with a single closed contour. There are two main differences with respect to other comparison results reported in the literature: ..."
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Cited by 185 (19 self)
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The Core Experiment CE-Shape-1 for shape descriptors performed for the MPEG-7 standard gave a unique opportunity to compare various shape descriptors for non-rigid shapes with a single closed contour. There are two main differences with respect to other comparison results reported in the literature: (1) For each shape descriptor, the experiments were carried out by an institute that is in favor of this descriptor. This implies that the parameters for each system were optimally determined and the implementations were throughly tested. (2) It was possible to compare the performance of shape descriptors based on totally different mathematical approaches. A more theoretical comparison of these descriptors seems to be extremely hard. In this paper we report on the MPEG-7 Core Experiment CE-Shape1. 1.
What is ‘‘special’’ about face perception
- Psychological Review
, 1998
"... There is growing evidence that face recognition is "special " but less certainty concerning the way in which it is special. The authors review and compare previous proposals and their own more recent hypothesis, that faces are recognized "holisticaily " (i.e., using relatively le ..."
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Cited by 185 (0 self)
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There is growing evidence that face recognition is "special " but less certainty concerning the way in which it is special. The authors review and compare previous proposals and their own more recent hypothesis, that faces are recognized "holisticaily " (i.e., using relatively less part decomposition than other types of objects). This hypothesis, which can account for a variety of data from experiments on face memory, was tested with 4 new experiments on face perception. A selective attention paradigm and a masking paradigm were used to compare the perception of faces with the perception of inverted faces, words, and houses. Evidence was found of relatively less part-based shape representation for faces. The literatures on machine vision and single unit recording in monkey temporal cortex are also reviewed for converging evidence on face representation. The neuropsychological literature is reviewed for evidence on the question of whether face representation differs in degree or kind from the representation of other types of objects. Several lines of research have suggested that face recognition is "special. " Neuropsychological studies have demonstrated that face recognition can be selectively impaired relative to the recognition of objects of equivalent difficulty, implying that people
The role of location indexes in spatial perception: A sketch of the FINST spatial-index model’.
- Cognition
, 1989
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