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Disk Drive Roadmap from the Thermal Perspective: A Case for Dynamic Thermal Management
- In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA
, 2005
"... The importance of pushing the performance envelope of disk drives continues to grow, not just in the server market but also in numerous consumer electronics products. One of the most fundamental factors impacting disk drive design is the heat dissipation and its effect on drive reliability, since hi ..."
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Cited by 47 (11 self)
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The importance of pushing the performance envelope of disk drives continues to grow, not just in the server market but also in numerous consumer electronics products. One of the most fundamental factors impacting disk drive design is the heat dissipation and its effect on drive reliability, since high temperatures can cause off-track errors, or even head crashes. Until now, drive manufacturers have continued to meet the 40 % annual growth target of the internal data rates (IDR) by increasing RPMs, and shrinking platter sizes, both of which have counter-acting effects on the heat dissipation within a drive. As this paper will show, we are getting to a point where it is becoming very difficult to stay on this roadmap. This paper presents an integrated disk drive model that captures the close relationships between capacity, performance and thermal characteristics over time. Using this model, we quantify the drop off in IDR growth rates over the next decade if we are to adhere to the thermal envelope of drive design. We present two mechanisms for buying back some of this IDR loss with Dynamic Thermal Management (DTM). The first DTM technique exploits any available thermal slack, between what the drive was intended to support and the currently lower operating temperature, to ramp up the RPM. The second DTM technique assumes that the drive is only designed for average case behavior, thus allowing higher RPMs than the thermal envelope, and employs dynamic throttling of disk drive activities to remain within this envelope.
Understanding the Performance-Temperature Interactions in Disk I/O of Server Workloads
- Interactions in Disk I/O of Server Workloads. In Proceedings of HPCA
, 2006
"... This paper describes the first infrastructure for integrated studies of the performance and thermal behavior of storage systems. Using microbenchmarks running on this infrastructure, we first gain insight into how I/O characteristics can affect the temperature of disk drives. We use this analysis to ..."
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Cited by 38 (8 self)
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This paper describes the first infrastructure for integrated studies of the performance and thermal behavior of storage systems. Using microbenchmarks running on this infrastructure, we first gain insight into how I/O characteristics can affect the temperature of disk drives. We use this analysis to identify the most promising, yet simple, “knobs ” for temperature optimization of high speed disks, which can be implemented on existing disks. We then analyze the thermal profiles of real workloads that use such disk drives in their storage systems, pointing out which knobs are most useful for dynamic thermal management when pushing the performance envelope.
POWER MANAGEMENT OF ENTERPRISE STORAGE SYSTEMS
, 2005
"... ⋆ Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. Data-centric services, such as transaction processing systems and search-engines, sustain the demands of millions of users each day. These services rely heavily on the I/O subsystem for their data storage and processing requirements. Technological imp ..."
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Cited by 3 (0 self)
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⋆ Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. Data-centric services, such as transaction processing systems and search-engines, sustain the demands of millions of users each day. These services rely heavily on the I/O subsystem for their data storage and processing requirements. Technological improvements in hard disk drive densities and data-rates have been key enablers in the realization of these storage systems. However, server storage systems consume a large amount of power, leading to higher running costs, increased stresses on the power supply, higher failure rates and detrimental environmental impacts. This thesis makes four contributions towards understanding the nature of the power prob-lem and developing effective solutions to combat its effects. First, it shows that power manage-ment is a challenging problem for enterprise storage systems and traditional techniques to reduce power are relatively ineffective in such systems. Second, it shows that the heat that is dissipated due to the high power consumption would significantly restrict the ability to sustain the pace of performance growth of disks in the near future. Third, it proposes a novel disk drive architec-
Managing Thermal Emergencies in Disk-Based Storage Systems
"... Thermal-aware design of disk-drives is important because high temperatures can cause reliability problems. Dynamic thermal management (DTM) techniques have been proposed to operate the disk at the average case temperature, rather than at the worst case by modulating the activities to avoid thermal e ..."
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Cited by 2 (0 self)
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Thermal-aware design of disk-drives is important because high temperatures can cause reliability problems. Dynamic thermal management (DTM) techniques have been proposed to operate the disk at the average case temperature, rather than at the worst case by modulating the activities to avoid thermal emergencies caused by unexpected events, such as fan-breaks, increased inlet air temperature, etc. A delay-based approach to adjust the disk seek activities is one such DTM solution for disk-drives. Even if such a DTM approach could overcome thermal emergencies without stopping disk activity, it suffers from long delays when servicing the requests. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using a multispeed disk-drive (called dynamic rotations per minute (DRPM)), which dynamically modulates the rotational speed of the platter for implementing the DTM technique. Using a detailed performance and thermal simulator of a storage system, we evaluate two possible DTM policies—time-based and watermark-based—with a DRPM disk-drive and observe that dynamic RPM modulation is effective in avoiding thermal emergencies. However, we find that the time taken to transition between different rotational speeds of the disk is critical for the effectiveness of this DTM technique. �DOI: 10.1115/1.2993152�
Thermal Issues in Disk Drive Design: Challenges and Possible Solutions
"... The importance of pushing the performance envelope of disk drives continues to grow in the enterprise storage market. One of the most fundamental factors impacting disk drive design is heat dissipation, since it directly affects drive reliability. Until now, drive manufacturers have continued to mee ..."
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Cited by 2 (0 self)
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The importance of pushing the performance envelope of disk drives continues to grow in the enterprise storage market. One of the most fundamental factors impacting disk drive design is heat dissipation, since it directly affects drive reliability. Until now, drive manufacturers have continued to meet the 40 % annual growth target of the internal data-rates (IDR) by increasing RPMs and shrinking platter sizes, both of which have counteracting effects on the heat dissipation within a drive. In this article, we shall show that we are getting to a point where it is going to be very difficult to stay on this roadmap. We first present detailed models that capture the close relationships between capacity, performance, and thermal characteristics over time. Using these models, we quantify the drop-off in IDR growth rates over the next decade if we are to adhere to the thermal design envelope. We motivate the need for continued improvements in IDR by showing that the response times of real workloads can be improved by 30–60 % with a 10K increase in the RPM for disks used in their respective storage systems. We then present two dynamic thermal management (DTM) techniques that can be used to buy back some of this IDR loss. The first DTM technique exploits the thermal slack between what the drive was intended to support and the currently lower operating temperature to ramp up the RPM. The second DTM technique assumes that the drive is
Thermal modeling of hybrid storage clusters
- Journal of Signal Processing Systems
"... Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science +Business Media New York. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript ve ..."
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Cited by 2 (0 self)
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Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science +Business Media New York. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”.
Copyright © 2011 SciRes. ENG Heat Source Analysis of Hard Disk Drives with Different Wall Conditions using Infrared System
, 2010
"... Increasing performance parameters of hard disk drive (HDD) such as higher capacity and faster data access speed with decreasing physical size make HDD more susceptible to thermal effects. Contact temperature measurement using thermocouple is not suitable for the rotating platter of HDD. Heat analysi ..."
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Increasing performance parameters of hard disk drive (HDD) such as higher capacity and faster data access speed with decreasing physical size make HDD more susceptible to thermal effects. Contact temperature measurement using thermocouple is not suitable for the rotating platter of HDD. Heat analysis using simula-tion software requires accurate initial parameter setting such as thermal (initial & boundary) conditions of certain regions. Temperature measurement using infrared (IR) system avoids these limitations; it is non-contact, responsive and does not require initial parameter setting. Thermal pattern distribution can be studied from the thermal images. However, emissivity of the target has to be known and calibration of the system is essential for accurate temperature reading. This paper showed that temperature within the HDD increases with ambient temperature and time, but the thermal distribution pattern in the HDD was not af-fected by different ambient temperatures. Three wall boundary conditions were conducted to study the ther-mal distribution pattern in the HDD. A solution was then proposed based on the results obtained from the experiments to improve the heat transfer rate and steady state temperature, and reduce the detrimental effects from high thermal generation in future prototypes. Another important finding was that the averaged temper-ature of the head cap was generally higher compared to that of the disk, as the spindle motor is the primary
Youngjae Kim Managing Thermal Emergencies in Disk-Based Storage Systems
"... Thermal-aware design of disk-drives is important because high temperatures ..."
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Thermal-aware design of disk-drives is important because high temperatures
Thermal Attacks on Storage Systems
"... Disk drives are a performance bottleneck for data-intensive applications. Drive manufacturers have continued to increase the rotational speeds to meet performance requirements, but the faster drives consume more power and run hotter. Future drives will soon be operating at temperatures that threaten ..."
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Disk drives are a performance bottleneck for data-intensive applications. Drive manufacturers have continued to increase the rotational speeds to meet performance requirements, but the faster drives consume more power and run hotter. Future drives will soon be operating at temperatures that threaten drive reliability. One strategy that has been proposed for increasing drive performance without sacrificing reliability is throttling. Throttling delays service to I/O requests after the disk temperature exceeds a set threshold temperature until the temperatures drops. In this paper, we explore the possibility that a malicious attacker with the ability to issue disk read requests may be able to exploit throttling to carry out a denial-ofservice attack on a storage system. Our results reveal that damaging attacks are possible when throttling is used, and argue for the use of variable speed disks as a less vulnerable thermal management alternative.
RPM Rotations Per Minute
"... Storage has become ubiquitous. Disk drives are commonplace in most laptops and desktops. In addition, they are used in large numbers in high-end server systems. Storage devices have also proliferated the consumer electronics market with their use in products like cameras, and portable music devices. ..."
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Storage has become ubiquitous. Disk drives are commonplace in most laptops and desktops. In addition, they are used in large numbers in high-end server systems. Storage devices have also proliferated the consumer electronics market with their use in products like cameras, and portable music devices. This widespread usage of disks has been the result of tremendous growth in both the density and speed of these devices. Over the past two decades, we have been enjoying a 40 percent annual growth in the data rate of disks, due to innovations in the recording technology coupled with a scaling up of the drive RPM. Since raising the RPM increases the heat that is generated due to viscous dissipation by nearly a cubic factor, in order to design the drives for a constant thermal envelope, the platter sizes are also shrunk, as the latter has a fifth power impact on the temperature. In this paper, it shall be shown that this thermalconstrained scaling is going to be very challenging to sustain even for very small platter sizes, causing a significant slowdown in the pace of performance growth in future drives. Using real workloads, the need for continued scaling of the data rate is motivated. Some simple techniques will be presented that can be employed to overcome these effects. Finally, it will also be shown that managing temperature in disks cannot necessarily be tackled merely via energy saving techniques.
