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430
Energy-Efficient Computing for Wildlife Tracking: Design Tradeoffs and Early Experiences with ZebraNet
, 2002
"... Over the past decade, mobile computing and wireless communication have become increasingly important drivers of many new computing applications. The eld of wireless sensor networks particularly focuses on applications involving autonomous use of compute, sensing, and wireless communication devices ..."
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Cited by 718 (10 self)
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Over the past decade, mobile computing and wireless communication have become increasingly important drivers of many new computing applications. The eld of wireless sensor networks particularly focuses on applications involving autonomous use of compute, sensing, and wireless communication devices for both scienti c and commercial purposes. This paper examines the research decisions and design tradeos that arise when applying wireless peer-to-peer networking techniques in a mobile sensor network designed to support wildlife tracking for biology research.
The Coverage Problem in a Wireless Sensor Network
, 2003
"... One fundamental issue in sensor networks is the coverage problem, which reflects how well a sensor network is monitored or tracked by sensors. In this paper, we formulate this problem as a decision problem, whose goal is to determine whether every point in the service area of the sensor network is c ..."
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Cited by 286 (8 self)
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One fundamental issue in sensor networks is the coverage problem, which reflects how well a sensor network is monitored or tracked by sensors. In this paper, we formulate this problem as a decision problem, whose goal is to determine whether every point in the service area of the sensor network is covered by at least k sensors, where k is a predefined value. The sensing ranges of sensors can be unit disks or non-unit disks. We present polynomial-time algorithms, in terms of the number of sensors, that can be easily translated to distributed protocols. The result is a generalization of some earlier results where only k =1is assumed. Applications of the result include: (i) positioning applications, (ii) situations which require stronger environmental monitoring capability, and (iii) scenarios which impose more stringent fault-tolerant capability.
Unreliable Sensor Grids: Coverage, Connectivity and Diameter
- In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM
, 2003
"... We consider an unreliable wireless sensor gridnetwork with n nodes placed in a square of unit area. We are interested in the coverage of the region and the connectivity of the network. We first show that the necessary and sufficient conditions for the random grid network to cover the unit square reg ..."
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Cited by 218 (9 self)
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We consider an unreliable wireless sensor gridnetwork with n nodes placed in a square of unit area. We are interested in the coverage of the region and the connectivity of the network. We first show that the necessary and sufficient conditions for the random grid network to cover the unit square region as well as ensure that the active nodes are connected are of the form p(n)r ,wherer(n) is the transmission radius of each node and p(n) is the probability that a node is "active" (not failed). This result indicates that, when n is large, even if each node is highly unreliable and the transmission power is small, we can still maintain connectivity with coverage.
Sensor Deployment and Target Localization Based on Virtual Forces
, 2003
"... The effectiveness of cluster-based distributed sensor networks depends to a large extent on the coverage provided by the sensor deployment. We propose a virtual force algorithm (VFA) as a sensor deployment strategy to enhance the coverage after an initial random placement of sensors. For a given num ..."
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Cited by 205 (3 self)
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The effectiveness of cluster-based distributed sensor networks depends to a large extent on the coverage provided by the sensor deployment. We propose a virtual force algorithm (VFA) as a sensor deployment strategy to enhance the coverage after an initial random placement of sensors. For a given number of sensors, the VFA algorithm attempts to maximize the sensor field coverage. A judicious combination of attractive and repulsive forces is used to determine virtual motion paths and the rate of movement for the randomly-placed sensors. Once the effective sensor positions are identified, a one-time movement with energy consideration incorporated is carried out, i.e., the sensors are redeployed to these positions. We also propose a novel probabilistic target localization algorithm that is executed by the cluster head. The localization results are used by the cluster head to query only a few sensors (out of those that report the presence of a target) for more detailed information. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Connected Sensor Cover: Self-Organization of Sensor Networks for Efficient Query Execution
- MOBIHOC'03
, 2003
"... Spatial query execution is an essential functionality of a sensor network, where a query gathers sensor data within a specific geographic region. Redundancy within a sensor network can be exploited to rv uce the communication cost incurv1 in execution of such quer ies. Anyr eduction in communicatio ..."
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Cited by 166 (6 self)
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Spatial query execution is an essential functionality of a sensor network, where a query gathers sensor data within a specific geographic region. Redundancy within a sensor network can be exploited to rv uce the communication cost incurv1 in execution of such quer ies. Anyr eduction in communication cost wouldr esult in an e#cient use of the batter y ener gy, which is ver y limited in sensor s. One appr oach to r educe the communication cost of a quer y is to self-or ganize the networ# inr esponse to a quer , into a topology that involves only a small subset of the sensor s su#cient to pr ocess the quer y. The quer y is then executed using only the sensor in the constr ucted topology. In thisar icle, we design and analyze algor thms for such self-or"/0 zation of asensor networ tor educe enerP consumption. In par icular we develop the notion of a connected sensor cover and design a centr alized appr oximation algor thm that constr ucts a topology in ol ing anear optimal connected sensor co er . We pr o e that the size of the const rst ed topology is within an O(log n)factor ofthe optimal size, wher n is the networ size. We also de elop a distr ibuted self-or$1" zationer" on ofour algor thm, and prv ose seer/ optimizations tor educe the communication oer"E1 of the algorithm. Finally, we evaluate the distributed algorithm using simulations and show that our approach results in significant communication cost reduction.
Barrier coverage with wireless sensors
- In ACM MobiCom
, 2005
"... When a sensor network is deployed to detect objects penetrating a protected region, it is not necessary to have every point in the deployment region covered by a sensor. It is enough if the penetrating objects are detected at some point in their trajectory. If a sensor network guarantees that every ..."
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Cited by 133 (9 self)
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When a sensor network is deployed to detect objects penetrating a protected region, it is not necessary to have every point in the deployment region covered by a sensor. It is enough if the penetrating objects are detected at some point in their trajectory. If a sensor network guarantees that every penetrating object will be detected by at least £ distinct sensors before it crosses the barrier of wireless sensors, we say the network provides £-barrier coverage. In this paper, we develop theoretical foundations for £-barrier coverage. We propose efficient algorithms using which one can quickly determine, after deploying the sensors, whether the deployment region is £-barrier covered. Next, we establish the optimal deployment pattern to achieve £-barrier coverage when deploying sensors deterministically. Finally, we consider barrier coverage with high probability when sensors are deployed randomly. The major challenge, when dealing with probabilistic barrier coverage, is to derive critical conditions using which one can compute the minimum number of sensors needed to ensure barrier coverage with high probability. Deriving critical conditions for £-barrier coverage is, however, still an open problem. We derive critical conditions for a weaker notion of barrier coverage, called weak £-barrier coverage.
A Directionality based Location Discovery Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks
, 2002
"... A sensor network i a large ad hoc network of densely diN tri buted sensors that are equi pped wi th low power wi reless transcei ers. Such networks can be appli9 for cooperati e si gnal detecti on, moni tori ng, and tracki ng, and are especiN3N useful for appli(# i s i remote or hazardous locati on ..."
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Cited by 129 (1 self)
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A sensor network i a large ad hoc network of densely diN tri buted sensors that are equi pped wi th low power wi reless transcei ers. Such networks can be appli9 for cooperati e si gnal detecti on, moni tori ng, and tracki ng, and are especiN3N useful for appli(# i s i remote or hazardous locati ons. Thi s paper addresses the problem of locati on di scovery at the sensor nodes, whi chi s one of the central desi gn challengesi n sensor networks. We present a new method by whi ch a sensor node can determi nei ts locati on by li steni ng to wi93)fi4 transmi9CM( s from three or more fixed beacon nodes. The proposed methodi s based on an angle-of-arri al esti mati on techni que that does noti ncrease the complexi ty or cost of constructi on of the sensor nodes. We present the performance of the proposed method obtai ed from computer si ulati ons. Categories and Subject Descriptors B.8.2 [Hardware]: Performance Analysi s and Desi gnAi ds; I.1.4 [Symb olic and Algeb raic Manipulations]: Appli cati ons; D.2.2 [Software Engineering]: Desgi Tools and Techni ques General Terms Algori hms, Desi9 , Performance Keywords Sensor networks, locali zati on,di recti onal antennas,tri angulati on. 1.
Integrated coverage and connectivity configuration for energy conservation in sensor networks
- ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks
, 2005
"... An effective approach for energy conservation in wireless sensor networks is scheduling sleep intervals for extraneous nodes, while the remaining nodes stay active to provide continuous service. For the sensor network to operate successfully, the active nodes must maintain both sensing coverage and ..."
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Cited by 126 (10 self)
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An effective approach for energy conservation in wireless sensor networks is scheduling sleep intervals for extraneous nodes, while the remaining nodes stay active to provide continuous service. For the sensor network to operate successfully, the active nodes must maintain both sensing coverage and network connectivity. Furthermore, the network must be able to configure itself to any feasible degrees of coverage and connectivity in order to support different applications and environments with diverse requirements. This paper presents the design and analysis of novel protocols that can dynamically configure a network to achieve guaranteed degrees of coverage and connectivity. This work differs from existing connectivity or coverage maintenance protocols in several key ways: 1) We present a Coverage Configuration Protocol (CCP) that can provide different degrees of coverage requested by applications. This flexibility allows the network to self-configure for a wide range of applications and (possibly dynamic) environments. 2) We provide a geometric analysis of the relationship between coverage and connectivity. This analysis yields key insights for treating coverage and connectivity within a unified framework: this is in sharp contrast to several existing approaches that address the two problems in isolation. 3) We integrate CCP with SPAN to provide both coverage and connectivity guarantees. 4) We propose a probabilistic coverage model and extend CCP to provide probabilistic coverage guarantees. We demonstrate the capability of our protocols to provide guaranteed coverage and connectivity configurations, through both geometric analysis and extensive simulations.
Mobility improves coverage of sensor networks
, 2005
"... Previous work on the coverage of mobile sensor networks focuses on algorithms to reposition sensors in order to achieve a static configuration with an enlarged covered area. In this paper, we study the dynamic aspects of the coverage of a mobile sensor network that depend on the process of sensor mo ..."
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Cited by 118 (7 self)
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Previous work on the coverage of mobile sensor networks focuses on algorithms to reposition sensors in order to achieve a static configuration with an enlarged covered area. In this paper, we study the dynamic aspects of the coverage of a mobile sensor network that depend on the process of sensor movement. As time goes by, a position is more likely to be covered; targets that might never be detected in a stationary sensor network can now be detected by moving sensors. We characterize the area coverage at specific time instants and during time intervals, as well as the time it takes to detect a randomly located stationary target. Our results show that sensor mobility can be exploited to compensate for the lack of sensors and improve network coverage. For mobile targets, we take a game theoretic approach and derive optimal mobility strategies for sensors and targets from their own perspectives.
A study of the coverage of large-scale sensor networks
- In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS’04), Fort Lauderdale, FL
, 2004
"... Abstract — We study the coverage properties of large-scale sensor networks. Three coverage measures are defined to characterize the fraction of the area covered by sensors (area coverage), the fraction of sensors that can be removed without reducing the covered area (node coverage), and the capabili ..."
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Cited by 116 (13 self)
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Abstract — We study the coverage properties of large-scale sensor networks. Three coverage measures are defined to characterize the fraction of the area covered by sensors (area coverage), the fraction of sensors that can be removed without reducing the covered area (node coverage), and the capability of the sensor network to detect objects moving in the network (detectability), respectively. We approach the coverage problem from a theoretical perspective and explore the fundamental limits of the coverage of a large-scale sensor network. We characterize the asymptotic behavior of the coverage measures for a variety of sensor network scenarios. We find that the coverage of a sensor network exhibits different behaviors for different network configuration and parameters. Based on the analytical characterizations of the network coverage, we further discuss the implications to network planning and protocol performance of sensor networks. I.
