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620
Framing as a Theory of Media Effects
- London: Journal of Communication
, 1999
"... Research on framing is characterized by theoretical and empirical vagueness. This is due, in part, to the lack of a commonly shared theoretical model underlying framing research. Conceptual problems translate into operational problems, limit-ing the comparability of instruments and results. In this ..."
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Cited by 265 (2 self)
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Research on framing is characterized by theoretical and empirical vagueness. This is due, in part, to the lack of a commonly shared theoretical model underlying framing research. Conceptual problems translate into operational problems, limit-ing the comparability of instruments and results. In this paper I systematize the fragmented approaches to framing in political communication and integrate them into a comprehensive model. I classify previous approaches to framing research along two dimensions: the type of frame examined (media frames vs. audience frames) and the way frames are operationalized (independent variable or depen-dent variable). I develop a process model of framing, identifying four key processes that should be addressed in future research: frame building, frame setting, individual-level processes of framing, and a feedback loop from audiences to journalists. Entman (1993) referred to framing as “a scattered conceptualization ” (p. ␣ 51), with previous studies lacking clear conceptual definitions and relying on context-spe-cific, rather than generally applicable operationalizations. Brosius and Eps (1995) went even further, positing that framing is not a clearly explicated and generally
The Implications of Framing Effects for Citizen Competence.” Political Behavior 23(September
"... Social scientists have documented framing effects in a wide range of contexts, includ-ing surveys, experiments, and actual political campaigns. Many view work on framing effects as evidence of citizen incompetence—that is, evidence that citizens base their preferences on arbitrary information and/or ..."
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Cited by 85 (5 self)
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Social scientists have documented framing effects in a wide range of contexts, includ-ing surveys, experiments, and actual political campaigns. Many view work on framing effects as evidence of citizen incompetence—that is, evidence that citizens base their preferences on arbitrary information and/or are subject to extensive elite manipula-tion. Yet, we continue to lack a consensus on what a framing effect is as well as an understanding of how and when framing effects occur. In this article, I examine (1) the different ways that scholars have employed the concepts of framing and framing effects, (2) how framing effects may violate some basic criteria of citizen competence, and (3) what we know about how and when framing effects work. I conclude that while the evidence to date suggests some isolated cases of incompetence, the more general message is that citizens use frames in a competent and well-reasoned manner. Key words: framing effects; competence; public opinion; mass communication; behav-ioral decision theory. For nearly half of a century, social scientists have shown that citizens ’ politi-cal judgments often depend on how an issue or problem is framed. For exam-
Toward a Psychology of Framing Effects
- Political Behavior
, 1997
"... Framing is the process by which a communication source constructs and defines a social or political issue for its audience. While many observers of political communi-cation and the mass media have discussed framing, few have explicitly described how framing affects public opinion. In this paper we o ..."
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Cited by 80 (1 self)
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Framing is the process by which a communication source constructs and defines a social or political issue for its audience. While many observers of political communi-cation and the mass media have discussed framing, few have explicitly described how framing affects public opinion. In this paper we offer a theory of framing effects, with a specific focus on the psychological mechanisms by which framing influences political attitudes. We discuss important conceptual differences between framing and traditional theories of persuasion that focus on belief change. We outline a set of hypotheses about the interaction between framing and audience sophistication, and test these in an experiment. The results support our argument that framing is not merely persuasion, as it is traditionally conceived. We close by reflecting on the var-ious routes by which political communications can influence attitudes. From the proverbial chat over a cup of coffee to the full-scale multimedia hammering that is todays presidential campaign, much of political life re-volves around the transmission of ideas and information. Research on political communication covers an impressively broad swath of this territory, enlight-ening us on phenomena as varied as media agenda-setting (lyengar and Kinder, 1987; McCombs and Shaw, 1972; Rogers and Dealing, 1994) and facial mimicry (McHugo et al., 1985). Rightly or not, the mass media have been the subject of most empirical work in political communication. Perhaps because of the minuscule effects uncovered in early studies of media influ-
Seven models of framing: Implications for public relations.
- Journal of Public Relations Research,
, 1999
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Climate of scepticism: US newspaper coverage of the science of climate change
- Global Environ Change
, 2005
"... of climate change ..."
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More than Words: Syntactic Packaging and Implicit Sentiment
"... Work on sentiment analysis often focuses on the words and phrases that people use in overtly opinionated text. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to the problem that focuses not on lexical indicators, but on the syntactic “packaging ” of ideas, which is well suited to investigating the ident ..."
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Cited by 44 (11 self)
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Work on sentiment analysis often focuses on the words and phrases that people use in overtly opinionated text. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to the problem that focuses not on lexical indicators, but on the syntactic “packaging ” of ideas, which is well suited to investigating the identification of implicit sentiment, or perspective. We establish a strong predictive connection between linguistically well motivated features and implicit sentiment, and then show how computational approximations of these features can be used to improve on existing state-of-the-art sentiment classification results. 1
Assessing the democratic debate: how the news media frame elite policy discourse
- Political Communication
"... This article examines the way in which the news media frame public policy issues and the extent to which other political players (e.g., interest groups, politicians) in-fluence this issue framing process. Our analysis focuses on the issue of gun control, comparing the rhetoric generated by interest ..."
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Cited by 32 (0 self)
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This article examines the way in which the news media frame public policy issues and the extent to which other political players (e.g., interest groups, politicians) in-fluence this issue framing process. Our analysis focuses on the issue of gun control, comparing the rhetoric generated by interest groups and public officials on the Brady Bill and Assault Weapons Ban with actual network news coverage of this legislation from 1988 to 1996. Results indicate that both sets of political players employed sev-eral interpretative issue frames and worked hard to put their preferred themes on the agenda. However, at times, the media intervened in the framing process, especially as the debate matured. Specifically, the news media (a) structured the overall tone of the gun control debate, (b) adopted a distribution of framing perspectives different from that of politicians and interest groups, and (c) packaged policy discourse more often than not in terms of the “culture of violence ” theme. These findings point to-ward previously ignored media effects and attest to the potential role the media play in shaping public policy debates. Keywords congressional opinion, gun control, interest group politics, issue fram-
Framing politics at the launch of the euro: A Cross-national comparative study of frames in the news
- Political Communication
, 2001
"... This study of the main evening television news programs in four European countries focuses on the framing of news surrounding a major European event, the January 1, 1999, introduction of the common European currency, the euro. We investigated the visibility of political and economic news in general ..."
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Cited by 32 (3 self)
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This study of the main evening television news programs in four European countries focuses on the framing of news surrounding a major European event, the January 1, 1999, introduction of the common European currency, the euro. We investigated the visibility of political and economic news in general and of the launch of the euro in particular. We found variations across countries in the emphasis on political and economic news, with the proportion of the newscast normally devoted to these subjects ranging from 45 % to 60%. Journalists in all countries were more likely to emphasize conflict (rather than economic consequences) in framing general political and economic news. In the coverage of the launch of the euro, there was a greater emphasis on framing the news in terms of economic consequences. The findings are discussed in terms of influences on framing practices internal and external to journalism and the value of the cross-national comparative approach.
Framing Obesity The Evolution of News Discourse on a Public Health Issue
"... The public debate on obesity will turn on the question of who or what is responsible for causing and curing this emerging epidemic. Previous research suggests that public health problems become amenable to broad policy solutions when those problems can be reframed in systemic terms—specifically,in t ..."
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Cited by 31 (0 self)
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The public debate on obesity will turn on the question of who or what is responsible for causing and curing this emerging epidemic. Previous research suggests that public health problems become amenable to broad policy solutions when those problems can be reframed in systemic terms—specifically,in terms of involuntary risk,universal risk, environmental risk, and knowingly created risk. This article assesses the framing of obesity in news coverage since 1985 to determine whether obesity is being reframed in these terms. The data suggest that a vigorous frame contest is currently under way between arguments emphasizing personal responsibility for health and arguments emphasizing the social environment,including corporate and public policy. The evidence suggests that one of these frame dimensions (environmental risk) has moved decisively toward the systemic pole,while two frame dimensions (involuntary and knowingly created risk) have not moved toward the systemic pole, and the movement of the fourth dimension (risk to everyone) is uncertain. Keywords: news; framing; obesity; public health
