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All Smiles are Not Created Equal: Morphology and Timing of Smiles Perceived as Amused, Polite, and Embarrassed/Nervous
- J NONVERBAL BEHAV
, 2008
"... We investigated the correspondence between perceived meanings of smiles and their morphological and dynamic characteristics. Morphological characteristics included co-activation of Orbicularis oculi (AU 6), smile controls, mouth opening, amplitude, and asymmetry of amplitude. Dynamic characteristic ..."
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Cited by 50 (15 self)
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We investigated the correspondence between perceived meanings of smiles and their morphological and dynamic characteristics. Morphological characteristics included co-activation of Orbicularis oculi (AU 6), smile controls, mouth opening, amplitude, and asymmetry of amplitude. Dynamic characteristics included duration, onset and offset velocity, asymmetry of velocity, and head movements. Smile characteristics were measured using the Facial Action Coding System (Ekman et al. 2002) and Automated Facial Image Analysis (Cohn and Kanade 2007). Observers judged 122 smiles as amused, embarrassed, nervous, polite, orother. Fifty-three smiles met criteria for classification as perceived amused, embarrassed/nervous, or polite. In comparison with perceived polite, perceived amused more often included AU 6, open mouth, smile controls, larger amplitude, larger maximum onset and offset velocity, and longer duration. In comparison with perceived embarrassed/nervous, perceived amused more often included AU 6, lower maximum offset velocity, and smaller forward head pitch. In comparison with perceived polite, perceived embarrassed/nervous more often included mouth opening and smile controls, larger amplitude, and greater forward head pitch. Occurrence of the AU 6 in perceived embarrassed/nervous and polite smiles questions the assumption that AU 6 with a smile is sufficient to communicate felt enjoyment. By comparing three perceptually distinct types of smiles, we found that perceived smile meanings were related to specific variation in smile morphological and dynamic characteristics.
Observer-based measurement of facial expression with the Facial Action Coding System
- Oxford University
, 2007
"... Facial expression has been a focus of emotion research for over a hundred years (Darwin, 1872/1998). It is central to several leading theories of emotion (Ekman, 1992; Izard, 1977; Tomkins, 1962) and has been the focus of at times heated debate about issues in emotion science (Ekman, 1973, 1993; ..."
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Cited by 41 (11 self)
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Facial expression has been a focus of emotion research for over a hundred years (Darwin, 1872/1998). It is central to several leading theories of emotion (Ekman, 1992; Izard, 1977; Tomkins, 1962) and has been the focus of at times heated debate about issues in emotion science (Ekman, 1973, 1993;
Foundations of human computing: Facial expression and emotion
- Proc. ACM Int’l Conf. Multimodal Interfaces
, 2006
"... ABSTRACT Many people believe that emotions and subjective feelings are one and the same and that a goal of human-centered computing is emotion recognition. The first belief is outdated; the second mistaken. For human-centered computing to succeed, a different way of thinking is needed. Emotions are ..."
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Cited by 33 (0 self)
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ABSTRACT Many people believe that emotions and subjective feelings are one and the same and that a goal of human-centered computing is emotion recognition. The first belief is outdated; the second mistaken. For human-centered computing to succeed, a different way of thinking is needed. Emotions are species-typical patterns that evolved because of their value in addressing fundamental life tasks
Movement differences between deliberate and spontaneous facial expressions: Zygomaticus major action in smiling
- Journal of Nonverbal Behavior
, 2006
"... ABSTRACT: Previous research suggests differences in lip movement between deliberate and spontaneous facial expressions. We investigated within participant differences between deliberately posed and spontaneously occurring smiles during a directed facial action task. Using automated facial image anal ..."
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Cited by 29 (9 self)
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ABSTRACT: Previous research suggests differences in lip movement between deliberate and spontaneous facial expressions. We investigated within participant differences between deliberately posed and spontaneously occurring smiles during a directed facial action task. Using automated facial image analysis, we quantified lip corner movement during periods of visible Zygomaticus major activity. Onset and offset speed, amplitude of movement, and offset duration were greater in deliberate smiles. In contrast to previous results, however, lip corner movement asymmetry was not greater in deliberate smiles. Observed characteristics of deliberate and spontaneous smiling may be related to differences in the typical context and purpose of the facial signal. KEY WORDS: emotion expression; nonverbal communication; voluntary movement. The smile is one of the most frequent facial expressions and serves to communicate positive emotional states, as well as to serve social functions including greeting and appeasement (Keltner, 1995; Preuschoft, 1992; Schmidt & Cohn, 2001). Like many facial expressions, the smile can be produced either deliberately by voluntary movement of the Zygomaticus major muscles or spontaneously in response to social or emotional stimuli. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether deliberate and spontaneous smiles observed in the same individ-
Facial dynamics as indicators of trustworthiness and cooperative behavior
"... Detecting cooperative partners in situations that have financial stakes is crucial to successful social exchange. We tested whether humans are sensitive to subtle facial dynamics of counterparts when deciding whether to trust and cooperate. Participants played a 2-person trust game prior to which th ..."
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Cited by 26 (8 self)
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Detecting cooperative partners in situations that have financial stakes is crucial to successful social exchange. We tested whether humans are sensitive to subtle facial dynamics of counterparts when deciding whether to trust and cooperate. Participants played a 2-person trust game prior to which the facial dynamics of the other player were manipulated using brief (< 6 seconds) but highly realistic facial animations. Results showed that facial dynamics significantly influenced participants’ (a) choice of whom to play the game with and (b) decisions to cooperate. We also found that inferences about the other player’s trustworthiness mediated these effects of facial dynamics on cooperative behavior.
Can Duchenne smiles be feigned? New evidence on felt and false smiles.
- Emotion,
, 2009
"... We investigated the value of the Duchenne (D) smile as a spontaneous sign of felt enjoyment. Participants either smiled spontaneously in response to amusing material (spontaneous condition) or were instructed to pose a smile (deliberate condition). Similar amounts of D and non-Duchenne (ND) smiles ..."
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Cited by 18 (2 self)
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We investigated the value of the Duchenne (D) smile as a spontaneous sign of felt enjoyment. Participants either smiled spontaneously in response to amusing material (spontaneous condition) or were instructed to pose a smile (deliberate condition). Similar amounts of D and non-Duchenne (ND) smiles were observed in these 2 conditions (Experiment 1). When subsets of these smiles were presented to other participants, they generally rated spontaneous and deliberate D and ND smiles differently. Moreover, they distinguished between D smiles of varying intensity within the spontaneous condition (Experiment 2). Such a differentiation was also made when seeing the upper or lower face only (Experiment 3), but was impaired for static compared with dynamic displays (Experiment 4). The predictive value of the D smile in these judgment studies was limited compared with other features such as asymmetry, apex duration, and nonpositive facial actions, and was only significant for ratings of the upper face and static displays. These findings raise doubts about the reliability and validity of the D smile and question the usefulness of facial descriptions in identifying true feelings of enjoyment.
Effects of Dynamic Attributes of Smiles in Human and Synthetic Faces: A Simulated Job Interview Setting
"... We examined the effects of the temporal quality of smile displays on impressions and decisions made in a simulated job interview. We also investigated whether similar judgments were made in response to synthetic (Study 1) and human facial stimuli (Study 2). Participants viewed short video excerpts o ..."
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Cited by 7 (1 self)
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We examined the effects of the temporal quality of smile displays on impressions and decisions made in a simulated job interview. We also investigated whether similar judgments were made in response to synthetic (Study 1) and human facial stimuli (Study 2). Participants viewed short video excerpts of female interviewees exhibiting dynamic authentic smiles, dynamic fake smiles or neutral expressions, and rated them with respect to a number of attributes. In both studies, perceivers ’ judgments and employment decisions were significantly shaped by the temporal quality of smiles, with dynamic authentic smiles generally leading to more favorable job, person, and expression ratings than dynamic fake smiles or neutral expressions. Furthermore, authentically smiling interviewees were judged to be more suitable and were more likely to be short-listed and selected for the job. The findings show a high degree of correspondence in the effects created by synthetic and human facial stimuli, suggesting that temporal features of smiles similarly influence perceivers’ judgments and decisions across the two types of stimulus.
Effects of dynamic aspects of facial expressions: a review. Emot
- Rev
, 2013
"... er.sagepub.com Facial behavior consists of dynamically changing configura-tions of morphological features as a function of unfolding pat-terns of underlying muscle activation. Since the publication of Darwin’s The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) there has been scientific interes ..."
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Cited by 5 (0 self)
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er.sagepub.com Facial behavior consists of dynamically changing configura-tions of morphological features as a function of unfolding pat-terns of underlying muscle activation. Since the publication of Darwin’s The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) there has been scientific interest in facial configurations that are usually referred to as “emotional expressions. ” Much of this research has focused on particular patterns at (or very near) the peak intensity of facial movement. There are two types of questions about these patterns that are particularly relevant for emotion research: (a) Do such peak expressions correlate with specific feeling states, physiological responses? (b) Are such peak expressions seen by observers as typical for the presence of a particular emotion? The former question is relatively easy to answer. There is
Foundations of human centered computing: Facial . . .
, 2006
"... Many people believe that emotions and subjective feelings are one and the same and that a goal of human-centered computing is emotion recognition. The first belief is outdated; the second mistaken. For human-centered computing to succeed, a different way of thinking is needed. Emotions are species-t ..."
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Cited by 3 (0 self)
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Many people believe that emotions and subjective feelings are one and the same and that a goal of human-centered computing is emotion recognition. The first belief is outdated; the second mistaken. For human-centered computing to succeed, a different way of thinking is needed. Emotions are species-typical patterns that evolved because of their value in addressing fundamental life tasks (Ekman, 1992a). Emotions consist of multiple components that may include intentions, action tendencies, appraisals, other cognitions, central and peripheral changes in physiology, and subjective feelings. Emotions are not directly observable, but are inferred from expressive behavior, self-report, physiological indicators, and context. I focus on expressive behavior because of its coherence with other indicators and the depth of research on the facial expression of emotion in behavioral and computer science. In this paper, among the topics I include are approaches to measurement, timing or dynamics, individual differences, dyadic interaction, and inference. I propose that design and implementation of perceptual user interfaces may be better in-formed by considering the complexity of emotion, its various indicators, measurement, individual differences, dyadic interaction, and problems of inference.
Conveying real-time ambivalent feelings through asymmetric facial expressions
- In Motion in Games
, 2012
"... Abstract. Achieving effective facial emotional expressivity within a real-time rendering constraint requests to leverage on all possible inspiration sources and especially from the observations of real individuals. One of them is the frequent asymmetry of facial expressions of emotions, which allows ..."
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Cited by 2 (1 self)
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Abstract. Achieving effective facial emotional expressivity within a real-time rendering constraint requests to leverage on all possible inspiration sources and especially from the observations of real individuals. One of them is the frequent asymmetry of facial expressions of emotions, which allows to express complex emotional feelings such as suspicion, smirk, and hidden emotion due to social conventions. To achieve such a higher degree of facial expression, we propose a new model for mapping emotions onto a small set of 1D Facial Part Actions (FPA)s that act on antagonist muscle groups or on individual head orientation degree of freedoms. The proposed linear model can automatically drive a large number of au-tonomous virtual humans or support the interactive design of complex facial expressions over time.
