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32
Solving the emotion paradox: Categorization and the experience of emotion
- Personality and Social Psychology Review
"... In this article, I introduce an emotion paradox: People believe that they know an emo-tion when they see it, and as a consequence assume that emotions are discrete events that can be recognized with some degree of accuracy, but scientists have yet to pro-duce a set of clear and consistent criteria f ..."
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In this article, I introduce an emotion paradox: People believe that they know an emo-tion when they see it, and as a consequence assume that emotions are discrete events that can be recognized with some degree of accuracy, but scientists have yet to pro-duce a set of clear and consistent criteria for indicating when an emotion is present and when it is not. I propose one solution to this paradox: People experience an emo-tion when they conceptualize an instance of affective feeling. In this view, the experi-ence of emotion is an act of categorization, guided by embodied knowledge about emotion. The result is a model of emotion experience that has much in common with the social psychological literature on person perception and with literature on em-bodied conceptual knowledge as it has recently been applied to social psychology. Humans experience emotion. For many, experience serves as an emotion’s central and defining aspect. We feel the heat of anger, the despair of sadness, the dread of fear. Most days, at least in North America, each of us asks and answers about our emotional state. We talk
Psychological Resilience and Positive Emotional Granularity: Examining the Benefits of Positive Emotions on Coping and Health
"... ABSTRACT For centuries, folk theory has promoted the idea that positive emotions are good for your health. Accumulating empirical evidence is providing support for this anecdotal wisdom. We use the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions (Fredrickson, 1998; 2001) as a framework to demonstrate ..."
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Cited by 65 (1 self)
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ABSTRACT For centuries, folk theory has promoted the idea that positive emotions are good for your health. Accumulating empirical evidence is providing support for this anecdotal wisdom. We use the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions (Fredrickson, 1998; 2001) as a framework to demonstrate that positive emotions contribute to psychological and physical well-being via more effective coping. We argue that the health benefits advanced by positive emotions may be instantiated in
Of mice and men: Natural kinds of emotions in the mammalian brain? A response to
- Panksepp and Izard. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science
, 2007
"... ABSTRACT—For almost 5 decades, the scientific study of emotion has been guided by the assumption that categories such as anger, sadness, and fear cut nature at its joints. Barrett (2006a) provided a comprehensive review of the empirical evidence from the study of emotion in humans and concluded that ..."
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Cited by 22 (6 self)
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ABSTRACT—For almost 5 decades, the scientific study of emotion has been guided by the assumption that categories such as anger, sadness, and fear cut nature at its joints. Barrett (2006a) provided a comprehensive review of the empirical evidence from the study of emotion in humans and concluded that this assumption has outlived its use-fulness. Panksepp and Izard have written lengthy papers (published in this issue) containing complementary but largely nonoverlapping criticisms ofBarrett (2006a). Inour response, we address three of their concerns. First, we dis-cuss the value of correlational versus experimental studies for evaluating the natural-kindmodel of emotion and refute the claim that the evidence offered in Barrett (2006a) was merely correlational. Second, we take up the issue of whether or not there is evidence for ‘‘coherently organized
Emotion processing effects on interference resolution in working memory
- Emotion
, 2008
"... The interaction between emotion and working memory maintenance, load, and performance has been investigated with mixed results. The effect of emotion on specific executive processes such as interference resolution, however, remains relatively unexplored. In this series of studies, we examine how emo ..."
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Cited by 11 (1 self)
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The interaction between emotion and working memory maintenance, load, and performance has been investigated with mixed results. The effect of emotion on specific executive processes such as interference resolution, however, remains relatively unexplored. In this series of studies, we examine how emotion affects interference resolution processes within working memory by modifying the Recencyprobes paradigm (Monsel, 1978) to include emotional and neutral stimuli. Reaction time differences were compared between interference and non-interference trials for neutral and emotional words (Studies 1 & 3) and pictures (Study 2). Our results indicate that trials using emotional stimuli show a relative decrease in interference compared with trials using neutral stimuli, suggesting facilitation of interference resolution in the former. Furthermore, both valence and arousal seem to interact to produce this facilitation effect. These findings suggest that emotion facilitates response selection amid interference in working memory.
BEING EMOTIONAL DURING DECISION MAKING—GOOD OR BAD? AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION
"... This paper examines the link between affective experience and decision-making performance. In a stock investment simulation, 101 stock investors rated their feelings on an Internet Web site while making investment decisions each day for 20 consecutive business days. Contrary to the popular belief th ..."
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Cited by 9 (0 self)
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This paper examines the link between affective experience and decision-making performance. In a stock investment simulation, 101 stock investors rated their feelings on an Internet Web site while making investment decisions each day for 20 consecutive business days. Contrary to the popular belief that feelings are generally bad for decision making, we found that individuals who experienced more intense feelings achieved higher decision-making performance. Moreover, individuals who were better able to identify and distinguish among their current feelings achieved higher decisionmaking performance via their enhanced ability to control the possible biases induced by those feelings. Folk theories abound when it comes to the topic of how feelings affect decision making (Slovic, 2001). Traditionally, emotionality has been portrayed as the opposite of rationality and/or effectiveness in a managerial setting (Ashforth & Humphrey, 1995; Putnam & Mumby, 1993). Organizations have frequently asked their employees and managers to keep their affective experiences at work within a relatively neutral range or to express their feelings only according to narrowly defined organizational rules (Hochschild, 1983; Morris & Feldman, 1996). A similar prescription is popular in the field of finance. Investors are frequently instructed to put their feelings under control, meaning that they need to avoid or suppress strong feelings (Babin & Donovan, 2000). Scientific debate over whether subjective experiences of emotion are functional or maladaptive has been ongoing (Gohm & Clore, 2002). Some argue that feelings are a source of unwanted bias (Shiv,
Valence focus and the perception of facial affect
- Emotion
, 2004
"... Individuals differ in the extent to which they emphasize feelings of pleasure or displeasure in their verbal reports of emotional experience, an individual difference termed valence focus (VF). This multimethod study indicates that VF is linked to heightened efficiency in perceptual processing of af ..."
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Cited by 9 (3 self)
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Individuals differ in the extent to which they emphasize feelings of pleasure or displeasure in their verbal reports of emotional experience, an individual difference termed valence focus (VF). This multimethod study indicates that VF is linked to heightened efficiency in perceptual processing of affective stimuli. Individuals higher in VF (i.e., who emphasized feelings of pleasure/displeasure in reports of emotional experiences) were more sensitive to changes in negative facial expres-sions than individuals lower in VF. The effect was not accounted for by current affective state or other personality characteristics. Implications for the validity of self-reported experienced emotion are discussed. Valence is a basic property of affect (Russell & Feldman Barrett, 1999). When reporting their experi-ence, individuals differ in the extent to which they emphasize this property, reflecting individual differ-
Coping With Customer Complaints
"... The online version of this article can be found at: ..."
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The online version of this article can be found at:
Social and Physical Anhedonia and Valence and Arousal Aspects of Emotional Experience
"... Two studies examined whether self-reported anhedonia is associated with 2 facets of emotional expe-rience, valence and arousal. In Study 1, in multiple assessments of emotional experience (e.g., naturalistic and lab contexts and social and nonsocial situations), people with elevated social anhedonia ..."
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Cited by 4 (2 self)
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Two studies examined whether self-reported anhedonia is associated with 2 facets of emotional expe-rience, valence and arousal. In Study 1, in multiple assessments of emotional experience (e.g., naturalistic and lab contexts and social and nonsocial situations), people with elevated social anhedonia (n! 40) reported less intensity of positive affect than both controls (n! 30) and people with elevated perceptual aberration–magical ideation (n! 29). Social anhedonia was also associated with providing less emotional content when describing what it is like to experience positive situations. In contrast, both social anhedonia and perceptual aberration–magical ideation were associated with increased frequency of negative affect for their daily experiences. Moreover, social anhedonia was not associated with a decrease specifically in high-arousal emotions. In Study 2 (n! 339), social and physical anhedonia (but not perceptual aberration–magical ideation) were again associated with decreased self-reported positive affect to lab stimuli. In these studies, results were not statistically accounted for by personality, current mood, or current distress. Overall, results suggest anhedonia may be associated with a general decrease in self-reported positive affect intensity.
Sex differences in the neural correlates of affective experience. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci
, 2014
"... People believe that women are more emotionally intense than men, but the scientific evidence is equivocal. In this study, we tested the novel hypothesis that men and women differ in the neural correlates of affective experience, rather than in the intensity of neural activity, with women being more ..."
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People believe that women are more emotionally intense than men, but the scientific evidence is equivocal. In this study, we tested the novel hypothesis that men and women differ in the neural correlates of affective experience, rather than in the intensity of neural activity, with women being more internally (interoceptively) focused and men being more externally (visually) focused. Adult men (n ¼ 17) and women (n ¼ 17) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging study while viewing affectively potent images and rating their moment-to-moment feelings of subjective arousal. We found that men and women do not differ overall in their intensity of moment-to-moment affective experiences when viewing evocative images, but instead, as predicted, women showed a greater association between the momentary arousal ratings and neural responses in the anterior insula cortex, which represents bodily sensations, whereas men showed stronger correlations between their momentary arousal ratings and neural responses in the visual cortex. Men also showed enhanced functional connectivity between the dorsal anterior insula cortex and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, which constitutes the circuitry involved with regulating shifts of attention to the world. These results demonstrate that the same affective experience is realized differently in different people, such that womens feelings are relatively more self-focused, whereas mens feelings are relatively more world-focused. Keywords: anterior insula; anterior cingulate; interoceptive; extraceptive; fMRI Western culture is preoccupied with the question of whether women are more emotional than men. People assume that women are more emotionally intense, complex and expressive, whereas men are more stoic and reserved One of the reasons for the inconsistent scientific results on sex differences is that studies mainly measure the 'intensity' of experience from a quantitative standpoint. One intriguing possibility is that men and women differ not in the extent to which they experience feelings, but rather in the ingredients involved in constructing those experiences This hypothesis setting is derived from published empirical evidence in the psychological literature, although this idea has not yet been tested directly. Previous studies frequently suggest that women 'somatize' more than men, i.e. women report more functional somatic symptoms
Valence focus and self-esteem lability: Reacting to hedonic cues in the social environment
- Emotion
, 2009
"... Individuals differ in the extent to which they emphasize feelings of pleasure or displeasure in their verbal reports of emotional experience, termed valence focus (VF). Two event-contingent, experience-sampling studies examined the relationship between VF and sensitivity to pleasant and unpleasant s ..."
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Cited by 1 (0 self)
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Individuals differ in the extent to which they emphasize feelings of pleasure or displeasure in their verbal reports of emotional experience, termed valence focus (VF). Two event-contingent, experience-sampling studies examined the relationship between VF and sensitivity to pleasant and unpleasant social cues. It was predicted, and found, that individuals with greater VF (i.e., who emphasized feelings of pleasure/ displeasure in reports of emotional experience) demonstrated greater self-esteem lability (i.e., larger changes in self-esteem) to pleasant and unpleasant information contained in social interactions than did those lower in VF. These effects held even after statistically controlling for possible confounding variables (neuroticism, affect intensity). Implications for understanding the psychological impact of valenced interpersonal events are discussed.
