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Networking low-power energy harvesting devices: Measurements and algorithms
- IN PROC. OF IEEE INFOCOM, SHANGHAI,CHINA,APR.2011
, 2010
"... Recent advances in energy harvesting materials and ultra-low-power communications will soon enable the realization of networks composed of energy harvesting devices. These devices will operate using very low ambient energy, such as indoor light energy. We focus on characterizing the energy availabi ..."
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Cited by 60 (7 self)
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Recent advances in energy harvesting materials and ultra-low-power communications will soon enable the realization of networks composed of energy harvesting devices. These devices will operate using very low ambient energy, such as indoor light energy. We focus on characterizing the energy availability in indoor environments and on developing energy allocation algorithms for energy harvesting devices. First, we present results of our long-term indoor radiant energy measurements, which provide important inputs required for algorithm and system design (e.g., determining the required battery sizes). Then, we focus on algorithm development, which requires nontraditional approaches, since energy harvesting shifts the nature of energy-aware protocols from minimizing energy expenditure to optimizing it. Moreover, in many cases, different energy storage types (rechargeable battery and a capacitor) require different algorithms. We develop algorithms for determining time fair energy allocation in systems with predictable energy inputs, as well as in systems where energy inputs are stochastic.
Energy harvesting active networked tags (enhants) for ubiquitous object networking
- IEEE Wireless Communications
"... The authors describe paradigm shifts associated with technologies that enable EnHANTs and demonstrate their implications on higher-layer protocols. This article presents the design challenges posed by a new class of ultra-low-power devices referred to as Energy-Harvesting Active Networked Tags (EnHA ..."
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Cited by 11 (3 self)
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The authors describe paradigm shifts associated with technologies that enable EnHANTs and demonstrate their implications on higher-layer protocols. This article presents the design challenges posed by a new class of ultra-low-power devices referred to as Energy-Harvesting Active Networked Tags (EnHANTs). EnHANTs are small, flexible, and self-reliant (in terms of energy) devices that can be attached to objects that are traditionally not networked (e.g., books, furniture, walls, doors, toys, keys, produce, and clothing). EnHANTs will enable the Internet of Things by providing the infrastructure for various novel tracking applications. Examples of these applications include locating misplaced items, continuous monitoring of objects, and determining locations of disaster survivors. Recent advances in ultra-low-power circuit design, ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless communications, and organic energy harvesting techniques will enable the realization of EnHANTs in the near future. The harvesting components and the ultra-low-power physical layer have special characteristics whose implications on the higher layers have yet to be studied (e.g., when using UWB communications, the energy required to receive a bit is significantly higher than the energy required to transmit a bit). In this article, we describe paradigm shifts associated with technologies that enable EnHANTs and demonstrate their implications on higher-layer protocols. Moreover, we describe some of the components we have designed for EnHANTs. Finally, we briefly discuss our indoor light measurements and their implications on the design of higher-layer protocols.
Movers and shakers: Kinetic energy harvesting for the internet of things
- IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., Special Issue on Wireless Communications
, 2015
"... Abstract-Numerous energy harvesting mobile and wireless devices that will serve as building blocks for the Internet of Things (IoT) are currently under development. However, there is still only limited understanding of the energy availability from various sources and its impact on energy harvesting ..."
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Cited by 8 (2 self)
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Abstract-Numerous energy harvesting mobile and wireless devices that will serve as building blocks for the Internet of Things (IoT) are currently under development. However, there is still only limited understanding of the energy availability from various sources and its impact on energy harvesting-adaptive algorithms. Hence, we focus on characterizing the kinetic (motion) energy that can be harvested by a mobile device with an IoT form factor. We first discuss methods for estimating harvested energy from acceleration traces. We then briefly describe experiments with moving objects and provide insights into the suitability of different scenarios for harvesting. To characterize the energy availability associated with specific human activities (e.g., relaxing, walking, and cycling), we analyze a motion dataset with over 40 participants. Based on acceleration measurements that we collected for over 200 hours, we also study energy generation processes associated with day-long human routines. Finally, we use our measurement traces to evaluate the performance of energy harvesting-adaptive algorithms. Overall, the observations will provide insights into the design of networking algorithms and motion energy harvesters, which will be embedded in mobile devices.
Demo: Organic Solar Cell-equipped Energy Harvesting Active Networked Tag (EnHANT) Prototypes
"... Energy Harvesting Active Networked Tags (EnHANTs) will be a new class of devices in the domain between RFIDs and sensor networks. Small, flexible, and energetically selfreliant, EnHANTs will be attached to objects that are traditionally not networked, such as books, furniture, toys, produce, and clo ..."
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Cited by 3 (3 self)
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Energy Harvesting Active Networked Tags (EnHANTs) will be a new class of devices in the domain between RFIDs and sensor networks. Small, flexible, and energetically selfreliant, EnHANTs will be attached to objects that are traditionally not networked, such as books, furniture, toys, produce, and clothing. More information about the EnHANTs project is available at
Project-based Learning within a Large-Scale Interdisciplinary Research Effort
"... Abstract—The modern engineering landscape increasingly re-quires a range of skills to successfully integrate complex systems. Project-based learning is used to help students build professional skills. However, it is typically applied to small teams and small efforts. This paper describes an experien ..."
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Cited by 2 (2 self)
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Abstract—The modern engineering landscape increasingly re-quires a range of skills to successfully integrate complex systems. Project-based learning is used to help students build professional skills. However, it is typically applied to small teams and small efforts. This paper describes an experience in engaging a large number of students in research projects within a multi-year interdisciplinary research effort. The projects expose the students to various disciplines in Computer Science (embedded systems, algorithm design, networking), Electrical Engineering (circuit design, wireless communications, hardware prototyping), and Applied Physics (thin-film battery design, solar cell fabrication). While a student project is usually focused on one discipline area, it requires interaction with at least two other areas. Over 5 years, 180 semester-long projects have been completed. The students were a diverse group of high school, undergraduate, and M.S. Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Electrical Engineering students. Some of the approaches that were taken to facilitate student learning are real-world system development constraints, regular cross-group meetings, and extensive involve-ment of Ph.D. students in student mentorship and knowledge transfer. To assess the approaches, a survey was conducted among the participating students. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approaches. For example, 70 % of the students surveyed indicated that working on their research project im-proved their ability to function on multidisciplinary teams more than coursework, internships, or any other activity. Index Terms—Interdisciplinary learning, project-based learn-ing, student project organization, embedded systems, Internet of Things, wireless networking
Modeling and Implementation of Energy Neutral Sensing Systems
"... ABSTRACT We present the modeling, implementation, and evaluation of a single wireless sensor network that executes energyharvesting algorithms and sensing applications. The network energy-management is modeled as a feedback control system. An asynchronous execution of the energy-management and the ..."
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ABSTRACT We present the modeling, implementation, and evaluation of a single wireless sensor network that executes energyharvesting algorithms and sensing applications. The network energy-management is modeled as a feedback control system. An asynchronous execution of the energy-management and the application processes is modeled as a finite state machine. To evaluate our approach, we designed energy neutral sensing systems for two applications and implemented them with Fennec Fox.
Energy Harvesting Networked Nodes: Measurements, Algorithms, and Prototyping
, 2013
"... Recent advances in ultra-low-power wireless communications and in energy harvesting will soon enable energetically self-sustainable wireless devices. Networks of such devices will serve as building blocks for different Internet of Things (IoT) applications, such as searching for an object on a netwo ..."
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Recent advances in ultra-low-power wireless communications and in energy harvesting will soon enable energetically self-sustainable wireless devices. Networks of such devices will serve as building blocks for different Internet of Things (IoT) applications, such as searching for an object on a network of objects and continuous monitoring of object configurations. Yet, numerous challenges need to be addressed for the IoT vision to be fully realized. This thesis considers several challenges related to ultra-low-power energy harvesting networked nodes: energy source characterization, algorithm design, and node design and prototyping. Addi-tionally, the thesis contributes to engineering education, specifically to project-based learning. We summarize our contributions to light and kinetic (motion) energy characterization for energy harvesting nodes. To characterize light energy, we conducted a first-of-its kind 16 month-long indoor light energy measurements campaign. To characterize energy of motion, we collected over 200 hours of human and object motion traces. We also analyzed traces previously collected in a study with over 40 participants. We summarize our insights, including light and motion energy budgets, variability, and influencing factors. These insights are useful for designing energy harvesting nodes and energy harvesting adaptive algorithms. We shared with the community our light energy traces, which can
Energy-Harvesting Active Networked Tags (EnHANTs): Prototyping and Experimentation
"... This article focuses on a new type of wireless devices in the domain between RFIDs and sensor networksEnergy-Harvesting Active Networked Tags (EnHANTs). Future EnHANTs will be small, flexible, and selfpowered devices that can be attached to objects that are traditionally not networked (e.g., books, ..."
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This article focuses on a new type of wireless devices in the domain between RFIDs and sensor networksEnergy-Harvesting Active Networked Tags (EnHANTs). Future EnHANTs will be small, flexible, and selfpowered devices that can be attached to objects that are traditionally not networked (e.g., books, furniture, toys, produce, and clothing). Therefore, they will provide the infrastructure for various tracking applications and can serve as one of the enablers for the Internet of Things. We present the design considerations for the EnHANT prototypes, developed over the past 4 years. The prototypes harvest indoor light energy using custom organic solar cells, communicate and form multihop networks using ultra-low-power UltraWideband Impulse Radio (UWB-IR) transceivers, and dynamically adapt their communications and networking patterns to the energy harvesting and battery states. We describe a small-scale testbed that uniquely allows evaluating different algorithms with trace-based light energy inputs. Then, we experimentally evaluate the performance of different energy-harvesting adaptive policies with organic solar cells and UWB-IR transceivers. Finally, we discuss the lessons learned during the prototype and testbed design process.
The Internet of Tags: Energy-Harvesting Adaptive Algorithms
"... In this thesis, we will focus on the design and performance evaluation of networking algorithms for energy-harvesting tags. We will build upon our recent work on developing Energy-Harvesting Active Networked Tags (EnHANTS) [3– ..."
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In this thesis, we will focus on the design and performance evaluation of networking algorithms for energy-harvesting tags. We will build upon our recent work on developing Energy-Harvesting Active Networked Tags (EnHANTS) [3–
Volume III: Wireless Bridge Monitoring Hardware About the BEC
, 2013
"... The mission of the Bridge Engineering Center is to conduct research on bridge technologies to help bridge designers/owners design, build, and maintain long-lasting bridges. Disclaimer Notice The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accur ..."
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The mission of the Bridge Engineering Center is to conduct research on bridge technologies to help bridge designers/owners design, build, and maintain long-lasting bridges. Disclaimer Notice The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the information presented herein. The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the sponsors. The sponsors assume no liability for the contents or use of the information contained in this document. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The sponsors do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers ’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of the document. Non-Discrimination Statement Iowa’s Regent Universities do not discriminate on the basis of race, color, age, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, genetic information, sex, marital status, disability, or status as a U.S. veteran. Inquiries can be directed to the Iowa State University Director of Equal
