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...e programs target a wide range of risk factors, such as pessimistic cognitive styles, interpersonal difficulties, and family conflict. Most depression prevention programs are adapted from established psychotherapies for depression, such as cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT). In recent years, several research teams have published metaanalytic reviews of depression prevention programs (Cuijpers, van Straten, Smit, Mihalopoulos, & Beekman, 2008; Horowitz & Garber, 2006; Jane-Llopis, Hosman, Jenkins, & Anderson, 2003; Merry, McDowell, Hetrick, Bir, & Muller, 2004; Stice, Shaw, Bohon, Marti, & Rohde, 2009). These reviews have advanced prevention efforts considerably by allowing researchers to take Steven M. Brunwasser and Eric S. Kim, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan; Jane E. Gillham, Department of Psychology, Swarthmore College, and Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania. Jane E. Gillham is an author of the Penn Resiliency Program. We would like to acknowledge Brad Bushman for providing guidance on conducting meta-analytic analyses; Chris Peterson and Michelle Van Etten Lee for providing helpful comments; Esteban Cardemil, Maranne Wass, and Muriel MacKenzie for g...

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... also close an opportunity gap that exists for low-income youth [96, 97]. 4.2. Limitations. Several methodological issues in this pilot feasibility study need to be considered, and future studies should attempt to address these limitations. First, the effect sizes in the current study (η2p = 0.09–0.23) were small due to the sample size and inclusionary approach to recruitment; however, one cannot underestimate the practical value of a change in behavior of even one student in a classroom [84]. Smaller gains across a broader distribution of risk factors may also have larger public health value [86, 98], particularly given variations in behavioral responses to stress based on race, ethnicity, and gender [18, 99–101]. Furthermore, achieving an effect under challenging circumstances may increase the value of the finding [79]. The effect sizes reported in this study are comparable to those found in metaanalyses of other interventions reported in the literature [36, 86, 102, 103]. Second, random assignment of classrooms to treatment conditions was not feasible due to school administrative constraints; however, selection bias was probably minimized by the homogeneity of the study population. Thir...

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...d effects. When significant programme effects are detected, these effects are generally quite small. For example, a meta-analysis of depression prevention programmes found small average effect sizes (=-=Stice, Shaw, Bohon, Marti, & Rohde, 2009-=-). Comparable effects were found for bullying prevention programmes (Ferguson, San Miguel, Kilburn Jr., & Sanchez, 2007). Noting these generally small effect sizes is important both because it provide...

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...se inconsistencies. Previous studies have indicated thatsit would be necessary to test whether adolescents with risk factors to develop depressive symptomssbenefit from depression prevention programs =-=[8,9]-=- and whether these programs are effective whensimplemented in natural settings (i.e., incorporated into schools) [6,8]. The aim of the current studysis to test the effectiveness of a depression preven...

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...quenced (taught children skills sequentially from less complex to more complex) ; 2) active (required youth to act on the material, practice and receive feedback); 3) focused ( adequate time, effort and attention to skill-building), and 4) explicit (clear and specific learning objectives). Durlak and colleagues also found that program effectiveness increased when a greater number of these 4 elements were included in a program. 6. Homework. One meta-analysis found that the inclusion of homework assignments was significantly associated with higher effect sizes for programs targeting depression (Stice, Shaw, Bohon, Marti, & Rohde, 2009). 7. Booster sessions. One meta-analysis found that prevention programs offering “booster sessions” (typically follow-up shorter programs offered a year or more after the original program) were associated with larger effects at a 1 year follow-up for smoking prevention (Rooney & Murray, 1996). 8. Program leaders. Seventeen meta-analyses compared the effects of using different program leaders. The types of leaders analyzed by the studies were highly varied and the reviewed meta-analyses compared leader types in different ways, making it difficult to synthesize findings. We identified whether t...

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..., a history of suicidal ideation, and less chronic lifetime depression. As Jane-Llopis and colleagues note [41], the influence of gender on effect sizes of depression prevention programs is rarely reported, and some studies have not found child gender to predict or moderate child depression treatment outcomes [28]. Similarly, we found no gender differences in child response to intervention, although our findings are inconsistent with the meta-analytic findings of Stice and colleagues, who found that female gender was associatedwith larger effect sizes for child depression prevention programs [42]. Among parents, we found that younger participants and female participants made more positive changes in behaviors and attitudes. Little research is available on the influence of parent age or gender as a predictor of family-based intervention response. Overall, our research suggests that our interventions could be adapted for parents of different ages and genders to maximize response of all participants. Only one of the family level variables we examined predicted increased child response to intervention: more parental behavior and attitude changes. Our findings are inconsistent with the gen...

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...words: depression; prevention; moderation; adolescents; cognitive behavioral Received 10 March, 2011; Accepted 12 December, 2011 Correspondence address: Eric Stice PhD, Oregon Research Institute, 1715 Franklin Blvd, Eugene, Oregon, 97403, USA. Tel: þ 1-541.484.2123. Fax: þ 1-541.484.1108. E-mail: estice@ori.org Although cognitive behavioral (CB) depression prevention programs have reduced depressive symptoms and risk for future onset of major depression relative to assessmentonly control conditions in randomized trials conducted with children, adolescents, and adults (Horowitz & Garber, 2006; Stice, Shaw, Bohon, Marti, & Rohde, 2009), few studies have investigated factors that moderate the effects of such prevention programs (Kazdin & Weisz 1998; Lockman 2001). Understanding the moderators of prevention programs is important because it may promote the development of more effective interventions that incorporate a focus on topics or skills that are implicated by these analyses. For example, if deficits in social support attenuate intervention effects, future iterations of the program might be improved by focusing on developing and maintaining support networks. Moderator analyses may also help identify subgroups that are p...

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...majority of these interventions have been based on current cognitive-behavioural treatment protocols. For instance, the preventive intervention showing the largest effect size in recent meta-analyses =-=[24, 25]-=- focuses on teaching cognitive restructuring techniques and coping strategies for stressful situations [26–28]. This emphasis on cognitive restructuring in prevention is in line with evidence showing ...

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...to assess feasibility of procedures and likely effect size within this setting. In addition, given the finding that psychological interventions have greater efficacy with more distressed young people =-=[20]-=-, it was considered important to assess whether young people who experienced higher levels of psychological difficulties would gain greater benefit from the intervention than those who did not. Aims 1...

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...completion of homework diariesshave been shown to have larger effects on depressive symptoms than longer-durationsprograms do and offer a potential alternative first-step approach to watchful waitings=-=[17]-=-. Such programs may be completed via mobile phones as a first-step earlysintervention with the opportunity to step up to more intensive treatment programs assneeded.sAPPENDIX H: KAUER ET AL, IN PRESS ...