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Age dissociates recency and lag recency effects in free recall
, 2002
"... The temporal relations among word-list items exert a powerful influence on episodic memory retrieval. Two experiments were conducted with younger and older adults in which the age-related recall deficit was examined by using a decomposition method to the serial position curve, partitioning performan ..."
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The temporal relations among word-list items exert a powerful influence on episodic memory retrieval. Two experiments were conducted with younger and older adults in which the age-related recall deficit was examined by using a decomposition method to the serial position curve, partitioning performance into (a) the probability of first recall, illustrating the recency effect, and (b) the conditional response probability, illustrating the lag recency effect (M. W. Howard & M. J. Kahana, 1999). Although the older adults initiated recall in the same manner in both immediate and delayed free recall, temporal proximity of study items (contiguity) exerted a much weaker influence on recall transitions in older adults. This finding suggests that an associative deficit may be an important contributor to older adults ’ well-known impairment in free recall. This article examines the temporal associative processes governing memory retrieval in free recall by using a decomposition technique that elucidates the distinct contributions of recency and contiguity (Howard & Kahana, 1999; Kahana, 1996). Recency refers to the pervasive finding that the retrievability of previously experienced stimuli or events diminishes with the passage of time and the concomitant presence of interfering activity. Temporal contiguity of events also influences the ease of memory retrieval. If two events, A and B, are experienced in temporal proximity, information about A facilitates retrieval of B, and vice versa. To introduce our dissociation technique, we first illustrate how free recall can be decomposed into separable recency and contiguity components. We then introduce the notion of scale invariance and the idea that contiguity effects in free recall could be a consequence of the retrieval of temporal context. Finally, we introduce the notion that a comparison of younger and older adults—two groups well-known to differ in episodic memory performance—may inform this theoretical distinction between recency and contiguity processes in free recall.
Associative Asymmetry in Probed Recall of Serial Lists
, 2000
"... studies have directly examined whether order of study itself influences retrieval efficacy. In contrast, many dozens of studies have examined this question in paired-associate learning, asking whether memory for simple pairs exhibits a forward asymmetry effect (i.e., better forward recall than back ..."
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Cited by 26 (12 self)
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studies have directly examined whether order of study itself influences retrieval efficacy. In contrast, many dozens of studies have examined this question in paired-associate learning, asking whether memory for simple pairs exhibits a forward asymmetry effect (i.e., better forward recall than backward recall). Surprisingly, such asymmetries are exceedingly hard to detect in pairedassociate tasks, with many studies producing nearly identical levels of forward and backward recall (see Ekstrand, The authors acknowledge support from National Institutes of Health grant MH55687. We are grateful to Kelly Addis for assisting in data collection and for helpful discussions on the analyses of Experiment 2. We also thank Marc Howard, Franklin Zaromb and Nelson Cowan for their helpful comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Michael Kahana, Volen National Center for Complex Systems, MS 013, Brandeis University, Waltha
An Autoassociative Neural Network Model of Paired-Associate Learning
, 1971
"... This article presents an attractor neural network model of paired-associate learning and uses a model-based analysis of experimental data to Neural Computation 13, 2075--2092 (2001) c 2001 Massachusetts Institute of Technology shed light on some basic unresolved questions concerning the nature of ..."
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Cited by 19 (5 self)
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This article presents an attractor neural network model of paired-associate learning and uses a model-based analysis of experimental data to Neural Computation 13, 2075--2092 (2001) c 2001 Massachusetts Institute of Technology shed light on some basic unresolved questions concerning the nature of associations in human memory. The paired-associate learning task is one of the standard assays of human episodic memory. Typically subjects are presented with randomly paired items (e.g., words, letter strings, pictures) and asked to remember each A-B pair for a subsequent memory test. At test, the A items are presented as cues, and subjects attempt to recall the appropriate B items
Age Dissociates Recency and Lag-Recency Effects in Free Recall
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
, 2001
"... This paper examines the temporal associative processes governing memory retrieval in free recall by using a decomposition technique that elucidates the distinct contributions of recency and contiguity (Kahana, 1996; Howard & Kahana, 1999). Recency refers to the pervasive finding that the retriev ..."
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Cited by 19 (8 self)
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This paper examines the temporal associative processes governing memory retrieval in free recall by using a decomposition technique that elucidates the distinct contributions of recency and contiguity (Kahana, 1996; Howard & Kahana, 1999). Recency refers to the pervasive finding that the retrievability of previously experienced stimuli or events diminishes with the passage of time and the concomitant presence of interfering activity. Temporal contiguity of events also influences the ease of memory retrieval. If two events, A and B, are experienced in temporal proximity, information about A facilitates retrieval of B, and vice-versa
Associative retrieval processes in episodic memory
, 2008
"... This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts and Sciences at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in ..."
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Cited by 18 (11 self)
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This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts and Sciences at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in
Models of memory
- In Pashler, H. & Medin, D. (Eds.) Stevens Handbook of Psychology 3rd Edition, Vol. 2: Memory and Cognitive Processes
, 2002
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Spacing and repetition effects in human memory: application
- of the SAM model, Cogn. Sci
"... Spacing between study trials of an item increases the probability that item will be recalled. This article presents a new model for spacing based on the SAM theory of memory developed by Raaijmakers and Shiffrin (1980, 1981). The model is a generalization of the SAM model as applied to interference ..."
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Cited by 13 (0 self)
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Spacing between study trials of an item increases the probability that item will be recalled. This article presents a new model for spacing based on the SAM theory of memory developed by Raaijmakers and Shiffrin (1980, 1981). The model is a generalization of the SAM model as applied to interference paradigms (Mensink & Raaijmakers, 1988, 1989) and may be viewed as a mathematical version of the Component-Levels theory proposed by Glenberg (1979). It is assumed that on a second presentation of an item, information is added to an existing trace if the episodic memory image corresponding to that item is retrieved. If it is not retrieved, a new image is stored. It is shown that the model predicts many standard findings including the lack of a spacing effect for the recall of at least one of two items each
Context retrieval and context change in free recall: Recalling from long-term memory drives list isolation
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
, 2008
"... Three experiments used the “list-before-the-last ” free recall paradigm (Shiffrin, 1970) to investigate retrieval for context and the manner in which context changes. This paradigm manipulates target and intervening list lengths to measure the interference from each list, providing a measure of list ..."
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Cited by 13 (1 self)
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Three experiments used the “list-before-the-last ” free recall paradigm (Shiffrin, 1970) to investigate retrieval for context and the manner in which context changes. This paradigm manipulates target and intervening list lengths to measure the interference from each list, providing a measure of list isolation. Correct target list recall was only affected by the target list length when participants engaged in recall between the lists, whereas there were effects of both list lengths with other activities. This suggests that the act of recalling drives context change, thus isolating the target list from interference. Correspondingly, incorrect recall of intervening list items was affected only by the length of the intervening list when recall occurred between the lists, but was otherwise affected by both list lengths. Concurrent with these changes in context similarity, there were apparent changes in context retrieval, as indicated by the overall levels of target retrieval versus intervening recall. A multinomial model of sampling and recovery was implemented to assess the adequacy of this account and to quantify context similarity and context retrieval.
Bridging the gap: Transitive associations between items presented in similar temporal contexts
, 2007
"... Associations in episodic memory are formed between items presented close together in time. The temporal context model (TCM) hypothesizes that this contiguity effect is a consequence of shared temporal contexts rather than temporal proximity per se. Using double function lists of paired associates, w ..."
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Cited by 12 (2 self)
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Associations in episodic memory are formed between items presented close together in time. The temporal context model (TCM) hypothesizes that this contiguity effect is a consequence of shared temporal contexts rather than temporal proximity per se. Using double function lists of paired associates, which include chains of pairs (e.g. A-B, B-C), we examined associations between items that were not presented close together in time but were presented in similar temporal contexts. For instance A and C do not appear together, but both occur in the context of B. Although within-pair associations (e.g. A-B) were asymmetric, across-pair associations (e.g. A-C) showed no evidence for asymmetry. We attempted to describe these transitive associations using two models. One was a heteroassociative model in which the A-C associations resulted from mediated chaining as a result of “stepping through ” the links in the chain. Although this heteroassociative model and TCM make identical predictions regarding simple contiguity effects, the heteroassociative model had great difficulty accounting for the form of transitive associations between items. TCM provided an excellent fit to the data. These data raise the surprising possiblity that episodic contiguity effects do not reflect direct associations between items but rather a process of binding, encoding and retrieval of a gradually-changing
Individual differences in working memory capacity and episodic retrieval: Examining the dynamics of delayed and continuous distractor free recall
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
, 2007
"... Two experiments explored the possibility that individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) partially reflect differences in the size of the search set from which items are retrieved. High- and low-WMC individuals were tested in delayed (Experiment 1) and continuous distractor (Experiment ..."
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Cited by 12 (3 self)
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Two experiments explored the possibility that individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) partially reflect differences in the size of the search set from which items are retrieved. High- and low-WMC individuals were tested in delayed (Experiment 1) and continuous distractor (Experiment 2) free recall with varying list lengths. Across both experiments low-WMC individuals recalled fewer items than high-WMC individuals, recalled more previous list intrusions than high-WMC individuals, and recalled at a slower rate than high-WMC individuals. It is argued that low-WMC individuals ’ episodic retrieval deficits are partially due to the fact that these individuals search through a larger set of items than high-WMC individuals. Simulations based on a random search model were consistent with these general conclusions.
