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Accurate forced-choice recognition without awareness of memory retrieval
- Learning and Memory
, 2008
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Yes/no recognition, forced-choice recognition, and the human hippocampus
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
, 2008
"... & Two recent studies reported that yes/no recognition can be more impaired by hippocampal lesions than forced-choice recognition when the targets and foils are highly similar. This finding has been taken in support of two fundamental proposals: (1) yes/no recognition tests depend more on recolle ..."
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& Two recent studies reported that yes/no recognition can be more impaired by hippocampal lesions than forced-choice recognition when the targets and foils are highly similar. This finding has been taken in support of two fundamental proposals: (1) yes/no recognition tests depend more on recollection than do forced-choice tests; and (2) the hippocampus selectively supports the recollection process. Using the same stimulus materials as in the earlier studies, we tested five memory-impaired patients with circumscribed hippocampal lesions and 15 controls. As in the earlier studies, participants studied 12 pictures of objects and then took either a 12-item forced-choice test with four alternatives or a 60-item yes/no test. Patients were impaired on both tests but did more poorly on the yes/no test. However, a yes/no test based on 12 study items would conventionally involve only 24 test items (i.e., 12 study items and 12 foil items). When we scored only the first 24 test items, the patients performed identically on the yes/no and forced-choice tests. Examination of the data in blocks of 12 trials indicated that the scores of the patients declined as testing continued. We suggest that a yes/no test of 60 items is difficult relative to a 12-item forced-choice test due to the increased study–test delay and due to increased interference, not because of any fundamental difference between the yes/no and forced-choice formats. We conclude that hippocampal lesions impair yes/no and forced-choice recognition to the same extent. &
1 An evaluation of recollection and familiarity in Alzheimer’s disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment using receiver operating characteristics
"... 2 There is a need to investigate exactly how memory breaks down in the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Examining what aspects of memorial processing remain relatively intact early in the disease process will allow us to develop behavioral interventions and possible drug therapies focused on ..."
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2 There is a need to investigate exactly how memory breaks down in the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Examining what aspects of memorial processing remain relatively intact early in the disease process will allow us to develop behavioral interventions and possible drug therapies focused on these intact processes. Several recent studies have worked to understand the processes of recollection and familiarity in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and very mild AD. Although there is general agreement that these patient groups are relatively unable to use recollection to support veridical recognition decisions, there has been some question as to how well these patients can use familiarity. The current study used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and a levels of processing manipulation to understand the effect of MCI and AD on the estimates of recollection and familiarity. Results showed that patients with MCI and AD were impaired in both recollection and familiarity, regardless of the depth of encoding. These results are discussed in relation to disease pathology and in the context of recent conflicting evidence as to whether familiarity remains intact in patients with MCI. The authors highlight differences in stimuli type and task difficulty as possibly modulating the ability of these patients to successfully use familiarity in support of memorial decisions. ROC in MCI and AD 3
Heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease
- In
, 1996
"... erential familiarity d decision factors. choice and yes/no differential brain ulsed arterial spin-hich could indicate analyses with data related to forced-ower forced-choice aller hippocampal ty memory can be er MTL-dependent All rights reserved. Episodic memory, the ability to consciously recognize ..."
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erential familiarity d decision factors. choice and yes/no differential brain ulsed arterial spin-hich could indicate analyses with data related to forced-ower forced-choice aller hippocampal ty memory can be er MTL-dependent All rights reserved. Episodic memory, the ability to consciously recognize and medial temporal lobe (Scoville & Milner, 1957). These MTL regions
Investigating the Awareness of Remembering P ERS PE CT IVE S ON PS YC HOLOGIC AL SC IENC E
"... ABSTRACT-There is a marked lack of consensus concerning the best way to learn how conscious experiences arise. In this article, we advocate for scientific approaches that attempt to bring together four types of phenomena and their corresponding theoretical accounts: behavioral acts, cognitive event ..."
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ABSTRACT-There is a marked lack of consensus concerning the best way to learn how conscious experiences arise. In this article, we advocate for scientific approaches that attempt to bring together four types of phenomena and their corresponding theoretical accounts: behavioral acts, cognitive events, neural events, and subjective experience. We propose that the key challenge is to comprehensively specify the relationships among these four facets of the problem of understanding consciousness without excluding any facet. Although other perspectives on consciousness can also be informative, combining these four perspectives could lead to significant progress in explaining a conscious experience such as remembering. We summarize some relevant findings from cognitive neuroscience investigations of the conscious experience of memory retrieval and of memory behaviors that transpire in the absence of the awareness of remembering. These examples illustrate suitable scientific strategies for making progress in understanding consciousness by developing and testing theories that connect the behavioral expression of recall and recognition, the requisite cognitive transactions, the neural events that make remembering possible, and the awareness of remembering. Determining the exact role of the brain in conscious experience is one of the Holy Grails of contemporary scientific research. Awareness is the focal point of our mental lives and is perhaps the one most highly valued component of our biological makeup. Many of the complex mental functions that guide our day-today activities, including perception, imagination, problem solving, volitional action, attention, and autobiographical memory, cannot be explained fully without a consideration of conscious awareness. Nonetheless, prospects for a thorough scientific understanding of consciousness often seem daunting. In this article, we describe recent advances in the study of conscious memory experiences in order to exemplify how progress can be made in understanding consciousness. An essential part of our argument is that the investigation of consciousness must rely on a wide range of methods and theoretical strategies used together rather than in isolation. Methods for measuring human brain activity, for instance, provide powerful tools, but the application of neuroimaging to the problems of memory and consciousness can be most fruitful when one seeks evidence concerning four specific dimensions of the problem: cognitive, neural, behavioral, and subjective. Indeed, we must not settle for purely cognitive theories, purely behavioral theories, purely neural theories, or purely subjective theories of memory. All four dimensions are essential for understanding memory and consciousness. Research on declarative and nondeclarative memory is particularly instructive in this regard because a major distinction between these broad categories of memory phenomena is that declarative memory entails the potential for being aware of memory retrieval, whereas nondeclarative memory does not. This awareness of remembering may best be investigated by combining evidence pertinent to all four perspectives. We thus envision a comprehensive scientific analysis of conscious memory phenomena-an approach that may bring us closer to specifying the essential ingredients that yield conscious experience and thus closer to solving long-standing mysteries about the human mind. WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS? One challenge in building an appropriate framework for studying consciousness is providing a suitable operational definition. Philosophers and scientists have not yet settled on a definition of consciousness, despite debate that can be traced back over 2 millennia. However, as noted by
Using stimulus form change to understand memorial familiarity for pictures and words in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
, 2010
"... a b s t r a c t Although it is generally accepted that patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have significantly impaired recollection, recent evidence has been mixed as to whether these patients demonstrate impaired memorial familiar ..."
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a b s t r a c t Although it is generally accepted that patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have significantly impaired recollection, recent evidence has been mixed as to whether these patients demonstrate impaired memorial familiarity. Recent work suggests that familiarity may remain intact for pictures, but not for words. Further, a recent event-related potential (ERP) study suggests that enhanced conceptual processing of pictures may underlie this intact familiarity. However, to date there has been no direct comparison of perceptual and conceptual-based familiarity for pictures and words in patients with aMCI and AD. To investigate this issue, patients with aMCI, patients with AD, and healthy older adults underwent four study-test conditions of word-word, picture-picture, word-picture, and picture-word. When stimuli undergo form change, it has been suggested that only conceptual processing can help support recognition in the absence of recollection. Our results showed that patients successfully relied on perceptual and conceptual-based familiarity to improve recognition for the within format conditions over the across format conditions. Further, results suggested that patients with aMCI and AD are able to use enhanced conceptual processing of pictures compared to words to allow them to overcome the deleterious effects of form change in a similar manner as controls. These results help us begin to understand which aspects of memory are impaired and which remain relatively intact in patients with aMCI and AD. This understanding can then in turn help us to assess, conceptualize, and build behavioral interventions to help treat these patients. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Running Head: Computational models of episodic memory Computational Models of Episodic Memory
, 2006
"... The term episodic memory refers to our ability to recall previously experienced events, and to recognize things as having been encountered previously. Over the past several decades, research on the neural basis of episodic memory has increasingly come to focus on three structures: ..."
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The term episodic memory refers to our ability to recall previously experienced events, and to recognize things as having been encountered previously. Over the past several decades, research on the neural basis of episodic memory has increasingly come to focus on three structures:
