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Source monitoring 15 years later: What have we learned from fMRI about the neural mechanisms of source memory
- Psychological Bulletin
, 2009
"... Focusing primarily on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), this article reviews evidence regarding the roles of subregions of the medial temporal lobes, prefrontal cortex, posterior representational areas, and parietal cortex in source memory. In addition to evidence from standard episodic ..."
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Cited by 36 (3 self)
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Focusing primarily on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), this article reviews evidence regarding the roles of subregions of the medial temporal lobes, prefrontal cortex, posterior representational areas, and parietal cortex in source memory. In addition to evidence from standard episodic memory tasks assessing accuracy for neutral information, the article considers studies assessing the qualitative characteristics of memories, the encoding and remembering of emotional information, and false memories, as well as evidence from populations that show disrupted source memory (older adults, individuals with depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, or schizophrenia). Although there is still substantial work to be done, fMRI is advancing understanding of source memory and highlighting unresolved issues. A continued 2-way interaction between cognitive theory, as illustrated by the source monitoring framework (M. K. Johnson, S. Hashtroudi, & D. S. Lindsay, 1993), and evidence from cognitive neuroimaging studies should clarify conceptualization of cognitive processes (e.g., feature binding, retrieval, monitoring), prior knowledge (e.g., semantics, schemas), and specific features (e.g., perceptual and emotional information) and of how they combine to create true and false memories.
A unified framework for the functional organization of the medial temporal lobes and the phenomenology of episodic memory
, 2010
"... ABSTRACT: There is currently an intense debate about the nature of recognition memory and about the roles of medial temporal lobe subre-gions in recognition memory processes. At a larger level, this debate has been about whether it is appropriate to propose unified theories to explain memory at neur ..."
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Cited by 33 (2 self)
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ABSTRACT: There is currently an intense debate about the nature of recognition memory and about the roles of medial temporal lobe subre-gions in recognition memory processes. At a larger level, this debate has been about whether it is appropriate to propose unified theories to explain memory at neural, functional, and phenomenological levels of analysis. Here, I review findings from physiology, functional imaging, and lesion studies in humans, monkeys, and rodents relevant to the roles of medial temporal lobe subregions in recognition memory, as well as in short-term memory and perception. The results from these studies are consistent with the idea that there is functional heterogeneity in the medial temporal lobes, although the differences among medial temporal lobe subregions do not precisely correspond to different types of mem-ory tasks, cognitive processes, or states of awareness. Instead, the evi-dence is consistent with the idea that medial temporal lobe subregions differ in terms of the kind of information they process and represent, and that these regions collectively support episodic memory by binding item and context information. VC 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. KEY WORDS: fmri; recollection; hippocampus; recognition; perirhinal
Measuring recollection and familiarity in the medial temporal lobe
- Hippocampus
, 2010
"... ABSTRACT: Many recent studies have investigated how the structures of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) support recollection and familiarity, which are two processes widely thought to support recognition memory. The behavioral methods that are used to isolate recollection and familiarity in neuroimagin ..."
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Cited by 11 (0 self)
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ABSTRACT: Many recent studies have investigated how the structures of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) support recollection and familiarity, which are two processes widely thought to support recognition memory. The behavioral methods that are used to isolate recollection and familiarity in neuroimaging and lesion studies typically assume that recollection is a categorical process and not a continuous process. A categorical process is one that either occurs or does not occur for a particular test item (yielding high confidence and high accuracy when it does occur), whereas a continuous process is one that comes in degrees (yielding varying degrees of confidence and accuracy). Studies suggesting that the hippocampus selectively supports the recollection process (such as those that use the Remember/Know procedure or rely on Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis) generally depend on the categorical view of recollection, but much recent evidence suggests that recollection is a continuous process. If recollection is a continuous process (i.e., if recollection comes in degrees), then evidence that has been taken to mean that the hippocampus selectively supports recollection is also compatible with the idea that the hippocampus supports both recollection and familiarity. We suggest that an alternative method can be used to effectively investigate recollection and familiarity in the MTL, one that is valid whether recollection is a categorical or a continuous process. VC 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. KEY WORDS: hippocampus; recollection; familiarity; remember/
In search of recollection and familiarity signals in the hippocampus
- J. Cogn. Neurosci
, 2010
"... & fMRI studies of recognition memory have often been interpreted to mean that the hippocampus selectively subserves recollection and that adjacent regions selectively subserve familiarity. Yet, many of these studies have confounded recollection and familiarity with strong and weak memories. In a ..."
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Cited by 9 (0 self)
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& fMRI studies of recognition memory have often been interpreted to mean that the hippocampus selectively subserves recollection and that adjacent regions selectively subserve familiarity. Yet, many of these studies have confounded recollection and familiarity with strong and weak memories. In a source memory experiment, we compared correct source judgments (which reflect recollection) and incorrect source judgments (often thought to reflect familiarity) while equating for old–new memory strength by including only high-confidence hits in the analysis. Hippocampal activity associated with both correct source judgments and incorrect source judgments exceeded the activity associated with forgotten items and did so to a similar extent. Further, hippocampal activity was greater for high-confidence old decisions relative to forgotten items even when source decisions were at chance. These results identify a recollection signal in the hippocampus and may identify a familiarity signal as well. Similar results were obtained in the parahippocampal gyrus. Unlike in the medial temporal lobe, activation in prefrontal cortex increased differentially in association with source recollection. &
Strong memories are hard to scale
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
, 2011
"... People are generally skilled at using a confidence scale to rate the strength of their memories over a wide range. Specifically, low-confidence recognition decisions are often associated with close-to-chance accuracy, whereas high-confidence recognition decisions can be associated with close-to-per ..."
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Cited by 8 (4 self)
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People are generally skilled at using a confidence scale to rate the strength of their memories over a wide range. Specifically, low-confidence recognition decisions are often associated with close-to-chance accuracy, whereas high-confidence recognition decisions can be associated with close-to-perfect accuracy. However, using a 20-point rating scale, the authors found that the ability to scale memory strength had its limitations in that a high proportion of list items received the highest rating of 20. Efforts to induce participants to differentiate between these strong memories using emphatic instructions and alternative scales were not successful. Remember/know judgments indicated that these strong and hard-to-scale memories were often based on familiarity (not just recollection). Providing error feedback on a plurals discrimination task finally produced a high-confidence criterion shift. The authors suggest that the ability to scale strong (and almost perfectly accurate) memories may be limited because of the absence of differential error feedback for very strong memories in the past (the kind of differential error feedback that may account for the memory-scaling expertise that participants otherwise exhibit). Keywords: recognition memory, confidence and accuracy, signal-detection theory, feedback Memories vary in strength, and people are generally quite adept at using a numerical confidence scale to indicate how strong different memories are. This ability is most apparent in studies of recognition memory, in which accuracy is typically strongly related to confidence The predicted proportion correct for a confidence rating in the range of 11 to 20 is given by the area under the target distribution associated with that rating divided by the sum of the areas under the target and lure distributions associated with that rating. The predicted proportion correct for a confidence rating in the range of 1 to 10 is similar except that the numerator is the area under the lure distribution associated with a particular rating.
Predictive, interactive multiple memory systems.
- Hippocampus
, 2010
"... ABSTRACT: Most lesion studies in animals, and neuropsychological and functional neuroimaging studies in humans, have focused on finding dissociations between the functions of different brain regions, for example in relation to different types of memory. While some of these dissociations can be ques ..."
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Cited by 5 (0 self)
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ABSTRACT: Most lesion studies in animals, and neuropsychological and functional neuroimaging studies in humans, have focused on finding dissociations between the functions of different brain regions, for example in relation to different types of memory. While some of these dissociations can be questioned, particularly in the case of neuroimaging data, we start by assuming a ''modal model'' in which at least three different memory systems are distinguished: an episodic system (which stores associations between items and spatial/temporal contexts, and which is supported primarily by the hippocampus); a semantic system (which extracts combinations of perceptual features that define items, and which is supported primarily by anterior temporal cortex); and modality-specific perceptual systems (which represent the sensory features extracted from a stimulus, and which are supported by higher sensory cortices). In most situations however, behavior is determined by interactions between these systems. These interactions reflect the flow of information in both ''forward'' and ''backward'' directions between memory systems, where backward connections transmit predictions about the current item/features based on the current context/item. Importantly, it is the resulting ''prediction error''-the difference between these predictions and the forward transmission of sensory evidence-that drives memory encoding and retrieval. We describe how this ''predictive interactive multiple memory systems'' (PIMMS) framework can be applied to human neuroimaging data acquired during encoding or retrieval phases of the recognition memory paradigm. Our novel emphasis is thus on associations rather than dissociations between activity measured in key brain regions; in particular, we propose that measuring the functional coupling between brain regions will help understand how these memory systems interact to guide behavior. V V C 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The neural correlates of recollection: hippocampal activation declines as episodic memory fades
- Hippocampus
, 2009
"... ABSTRACT: Memories for certain events tend to linger in rich, vivid detail, and retrieval of these memories includes a sense of re-experienc-ing the details of the event. Most events, however, are not retained in any detailed way for more than a few days. According to one theory, the hippocampus pla ..."
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Cited by 2 (1 self)
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ABSTRACT: Memories for certain events tend to linger in rich, vivid detail, and retrieval of these memories includes a sense of re-experienc-ing the details of the event. Most events, however, are not retained in any detailed way for more than a few days. According to one theory, the hippocampus plays a specific role in supporting episodic retrieval, that is, the re-experiencing of an event as part of one’s personal past. This theory predicts that as episodic memories fade over time and are reduced to feelings of familiarity, activity in the hippocampus should no longer be associated with retrieval. We used high-resolution functional imaging to explore neural activity in medial temporal lobe subregions while participants performed a recognition task at both a short (10-min) and long (1-week) study-test delay. For each recognized item, subjects made ‘‘Remember/Know’ ’ judgments, allowing us to distinguish between items that were consistently episodic across the two tests and items that were initially episodic, but later became merely familiar. Our results demonstrate that activity in the subiculum is specifically associated with episodic recollection. Overall, recollected items were associated with higher activity in the subiculum than other items. For transiently recol-lected items, there was a decrease in subicular activity across the 1-week delay as memory faded from recollection to familiarity, whereas consistently recollected items were associated with enhanced subicular activity at both delays. These results provide evidence of a link between subicular activation and recollective experience. VC 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. KEY WORDS: fMRI; subiculum; parahippocampal cortex; remember/ know; forgetting
Continuous Recollection Versus Unitized Familiarity in Associative Recognition
"... Recollection has long been thought to play a key role in associative recognition tasks. Evidence that associative recollection might be a threshold process has come from analyses of the associative recognition receiver operating characteristic (ROC). Specifically, the ROC is not as curvilinear as a ..."
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Cited by 2 (0 self)
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Recollection has long been thought to play a key role in associative recognition tasks. Evidence that associative recollection might be a threshold process has come from analyses of the associative recognition receiver operating characteristic (ROC). Specifically, the ROC is not as curvilinear as a signal detection theory requires. In addition, the z-ROC is usually curvilinear, as a threshold recollection model requires, not linear, as a signal detection model requires. In Experiment 1, word pairs were strengthened at study, which yielded a curvilinear ROC and a linear z-ROC (in accordance with signal detection theory). This result suggests that associative recognition performance was based on a continuous variable, one that likely consists of either unitized familiarity or continuous recollection. The remember–know procedure and an unexpected cued recall test suggested that the more curvilinear ROC in the strong condition was mainly due to increased recollection. In Experiment 2, word pairs were presented for an old–new recognition decision before being presented for an associative recognition decision. When pairs consisting of items not recognized as having been seen on the list were removed from the analysis, the ROC again became curvilinear, the z-ROC again became linear, and most associative recognition decisions were associated with remember judgments. These findings suggest that the curvilinear z-ROC often observed on associative recognition tests results from noise, as a mixture signal detection model assumes, and that recollection is a continuous process that yields a curvilinear ROC that is well characterized by signal detection theory.
Magnetoencephalographic correlates of processes supporting long-term memory judgments
"... The sensitivity of event-related fields (ERFs) to memory retrieval processes is not well determined. This stands in sharp contrast to event-related potential (ERP) studies, as ERPs have been employed widely to address questions about the functional architecture supporting memory retrieval. Despite ..."
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The sensitivity of event-related fields (ERFs) to memory retrieval processes is not well determined. This stands in sharp contrast to event-related potential (ERP) studies, as ERPs have been employed widely to address questions about the functional architecture supporting memory retrieval. Despite their success in this endeavour, however, the sensitivity of ERPs to one retrieval process-familiarity-is somewhat limited. This experiment was designed to determine the sensitivity of ERFs to familiarity, and thus to examine the functional leverage that is available to investigate item familiarity via magnetic means of indexing retrieval processing in real-time. The analyses of the ERF data focused on old/new effects, which are differences between the neural activities associated with old (previously studied) and new test items that attract correct memory judgments. The ERFs showed a level of sensitivity to changes in item familiarity superior to that reported previously in very similar studies where ERPs were acquired. Moreover, analyses of the ERF data revealed four functionally distinct old/new effects. These findings provide strong incentives for employing ERFs in subsequent studies of human memory retrieval processing operations. Introduction According to dual-process accounts, two independent processes support recognition memory judgments
Running head: DÉJÀ VU TENDENCIES IN NOVEL SCENES
"... The similarity hypothesis of déjà vu: On the relationship between frequency of real-life déjà vu experiences and sensitivity to configural resemblance ..."
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The similarity hypothesis of déjà vu: On the relationship between frequency of real-life déjà vu experiences and sensitivity to configural resemblance
