used. We conclude in Section V. 2 I. Theoretical Determinants of Credit Spread Changes So-called structural models of default provide an intuitive framework for identifying the determinants of credit spread changes. 4 These models build on the original insights of Black and Scholes (1973), who

who were already in the labor force. Historically, the United States has chosen to provide a safety net for families with children. Since 1935, Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) has supplied cash welfare payments to needy single-parent families. Families on AFDC may also re-ceive food

for an emerging developmental framework for research on neighborhoods are discussed. Social science concerns about the effects of residence in a poor neighborhood on children and youth date back more than 50 years to the publication of Shaw and McKay's (1942) Juvenile Delin-quency and Urban Areas. Historical

that historically felt discriminated against, such as minorities (blacks in particular) and, to a lesser extent, women; (iii) being economically unsuccessful in terms of income and education; (iv) living in a racially mixed community and/or in one with a high degree of income disparity. Religious beliefs and ethnic

I t is always difficult to trace the historical development of a theory that has been the subject of considerable direct study and has directly or indirectly spawned a good deal of additional research. This is certainly true of the Health Belief Model, perhaps even more than usual because the Model

The intent of this chapter is to familiarize readers with the principles and con-structs of an approach to learning and mental development known as Socio-cultural Theory.1 Sociocultural Theory (SCT) has its origins in the writings of the Russian psychologist L. S. Vygotsky and his colleagues. SCT

to the crude oil market. The latter shock is designed to capture shifts in the price of oil driven by higher precautionary demand associated with concerns about the availability of future oil supplies. The paper estimates the dynamic effects of these shocks on the real price of oil. A historical decomposition

predictions of usage-based phonology, as proposed by Bybee. A model is proposed which allows us to derive the finding that leniting historical changes are more advanced in frequent words than in rarer ones. Calculations using this model are presented which reveal the interaction of production noise, lenition

1 Before the late 1990s, a trade economist who wished to delve into research on the theory behind the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) faced significant barriers to entry. First, as research into the GATT/WTO framework has historically been

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