cooling and the variation of upper layer turbulent mixing. The precipitation-induced fresh layer can cause the vertical turbulent diffusivities to decrease from the surface to a depth of about 11–13 meters within a few hours. After the rainfall, the turbulence increases near the surface of the ocean due

for resolving the detailed boundary-layer structure and overlying capping inversion. Surface fluxes are represented interms of similarity theory while turbulent diffusivities above the surface layer are formulated in terms of bulk similarity considerations and matching conditions at the top of the surface layer

layer is no longer well mixed. Stratification in the boundary layer is largest near the entrainment interface, corresponding to extension of the density transition into the turbulent boundary layer. The stratification in the rest of the boundary layer is smaller and nearly independent of height

of the mixing envelope surface to identify bubbles and analyze analogous segmentations of fields on the original interface plane. We compute meaningful statistical information that reveals the evolution of topological features and corroborates the observations made by scientists. We also use geometric tracking

on the convective Mach number Mc, i.e. the Mach number based on the velocity difference between the large eddies and the external flows. One flow where the effect of compressibility on turbulence appears at relatively low Mach number is the plane mixing layer. The study of a supersonic mixing layer on self

Buoyancy effects in unstably stratified mixing layers express themselves through gravity currents of heavy fluid which propagate in an ambient lighter fluid. These currents are encountered in numerous geophysical flows, industrial safety and environmental protection issues [1]. During transition

Abstract. A previously developed Lagrangian model considered the distribution and light exposure of individual phytoplankton cells in a weakly stratified upper ocean layer mixed by depth-dependent turbulence. This model is coupled with a phytoplankton photoresponse model, previously applied in a

fluxes are critically dependent on geophysi-cal processes that determine mixed-layer depth, nutrient fluxes to and within the ocean, and food-web structure. Be-cause the average turnover time of phytoplankton carbon in the ocean is on the order of a week or less, total and export

Abstract The single-point statistics of turbulence in the ‘roughness sub-layer’ occupied by the plant canopy and the air layer just above it differ significantly from those in the surface layer. The mean velocity profile is inflected, second moments are strongly inhomogeneous with height

on the Transition to Turbulence in a