In this paper we consider an international environmental problem of stock pollution with sources from different countries. However the pollution is perceived as an important environmental problem only by some of these countries. This may be because of diversity in nature’s assimilative capacity across countries, or because of differences in attitudes towards the environment due to divergence in income or institutional settings. One such example is the problem of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. In the southern parts of the Baltic Sea –due to some geophysical characteristics – there are less local problems from loads of nutrients, that imply major environmental problem to other parts of the Baltic See. Further the institutional history of some former East-European countries such as Poland tends to give less priority to the problem of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. In our model, countries that care about stock pollution are allowed to diminish foreign emissions through allocation of their income abroad, with the only purpose to lower foreign emissions entering to their own country. In this setting there are no strategic behaviors, which usually characterize modelling of international environmental behaviors. Thus we can compute the optimal amount

not constitute publication and should not limit publication in any other venue. The working papers published by the Max Planck Institute for Tax Law and Public Finance represent the views of the respective author(s) and not of the Institute as a whole. Copyright remains with the author(s). Unilateral action

and climate change

Japan followed the British example of the "Big Bang " in April 1998. This move towards "Big Bang " is a unilateral action without requiring any conditions for the policy measures of other countries. This move has many economic grounds. The Japanese financial system has had

Climate Policy • Hypothetical first-best global design: Global cost- benefit analysis: How much? Global cost-effectiveness analysis: 2°C target

The effect of a shock-absorbing pylon on the gait of persons with

In this paper we discuss global climate change mitigation that builds on existing unilateral actions to deliver ever deepening emission cuts over time. A wide array of unilateral environmental measures have been documented. We discuss the rationale for such measures and argue that unilateral

» “Unilateral actions ” impacting emissions » Further opportunities available Implications for post-2012 international structure for developing countries

evaluation of the use made of cosmetic and functional

Abstract. Global terrorism presents collective action issues for targeted nations. Proactive measures (e.g., preemptive strikes) against terrorists create external benefits for all at-risk nations. In contrast, defensive actions deflect attacks to softer targets, thereby giving rise to external