? What are the mechanisms behind stop-and-go traffic? Why are there several different kinds of congestion, and how are they related? Why do most traffic jams occur considerably before the road capacity is reached? Can a temporary reduction in the volume of traffic cause a lasting traffic jam? Under which

☯ These authors contributed equally to this work.

effects of real exchange-rate appreciation. I propose a small open economy in which agents are endowed with either tradable or nontradable goods. Under a cash-in-advance assumption, a temporary reduction in the devaluation rate induces a consumption boom accompanied by real appreciation, which hurts

temporary reduction in the devaluation rate leads to a reduction in the nominal interest rate and to a temporary appreciation of the real exchange rate. Owners of tradable-goods are hurt, while for reasonable parameter values, the owners of non-traded goods ’ welfare improves.

IC technologies are approaching the ultimate limits of silicon in terms of channel width, power supply and speed. By approaching these limits, circuits are becoming increasingly sensitive to noise, which will result on unacceptable rates of soft-errors. Furthermore, defect behavior is becoming increasingly complex resulting on increasing number of timing faults that can escape detection by fabrication testing. Thus, fault tolerant techniques will become necessary even for commodity applications. This work considers the implementation and improvements of a new soft error and timing error detecting technique based on time redundancy. Arithmetic circuits were used as test vehicle to validate the approach. Simulations and performance evaluations of the proposed detection technique were made using time and logic simulators. The obtained results show that detection of such temporal faults can be achieved by means of meaningful hardware and performance cost.

reduction of firing costs would actually reduce unemployment. We argue that, if minimum wages are kept at high levels, temporary contracts have an e¤ect not unlike an increase of unemployment benefits. By increasing the ows in and out of unemployment into relatively highly paid temporary jobs (minimum wage

Trade-offs between economic efficiency, growth, and distributional equity permeate economics, including discussions of tax policy and tax reform. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling is one tool that is often used to estimate the magnitudes of the variables that determine the

sustained by the principle that better targeting enables ac-curate dose delivery to tumor with concomitant dose reduction to normal tissues. Conformal radiation was fur-ther refined with the development of dose-sculpting tech-niques, namely IMRT. These techniques have facilitated tumor dose escalation while

We explore the effects of a temporary cut in VAT, identifying three possible effects: an income effect as people benefit from a lower cost of living during the period of the reduction, a substitution effect as people bring their consumption forward and an arbitrage effect as people buy non

projects to promote poverty reduction globally. DFID provided funds for this study as part of that goal but the views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) alone.