This e-book is devoted to Global Optimization algorithms, which are methods for finding solutions of high quality for an incredible wide range of problems. We introduce the basic concepts of optimization and discuss features which make optimization problems difficult and thus, should be considered when trying to solve them. In this book, we focus on

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The issue of fiscal federalism has for quite some time engaged the attention of scholars and policy makers in contemporary Nigeria. Several arguments have been put forward on the economic and political desirability for the practice of fiscal federalism in a country. While the political arguments are largely based on the heterogeneous characteristics of the different regions making up the country, the economic justification is usually based on the need to promote efficiency in the use of national resources. This paper examines the effect of fiscal decentralization on macroeconomic performance in Nigeria. The study employs three measures of fiscal decentralization namely revenue measure, expenditure measure and simultaneity measure to determine the extent, and the impact of fiscal decentralization on macroeconomic performance over the period 1980 to 2010. The overall objective of this study is to analyze the empirical effects of fiscal decentralization on some selected indicators of macroeconomic

Version 5.06 Title word cross-reference 3 [KvG98, KK09a, Pol01]. << [JSdSA05].>> [JSdSA05]. · [ETG02]. p [CKPB07].

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Nepal is one of the least urbanized countries in the world where more than 80 % of the total population live in rural areas. In recent years, the rate of urbanization became rampant which ultimately accelerated immense pressure on municipal services, especially on managing the ever increasing amount of wastes. Due to lack of technology, infrastructure and financial capacity management of increasing amount of solid waste has become a major challenge in municipalities of Nepal. The indiscriminate dumping of solid wastes already affected the urban environment by creating a serious occupational health and environmental hazard to the vicinity of the dumping sites. However, there is great possibility of recovering methane from the landfill sites since the typical Nepalese municipal solid waste contains more than 65 % of organic wastes. Despite having enormous potential of generating electricity from hydropower, Nepal is facing acute shortage of energy. Therefore, comprehensive scientific research and development is necessary for making solid waste to environmentally friendly by converting waste to the energy.

Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis and clustering of environments and genotypes in malting barley

The Depleted P-channel Field-Effect Transistor detector is a pixel detector type currently under development. In high energy physics, pixel detectors measure space points along the trajectory of charged particles. They determine the spatial position by measuring the charges created as a result of interactions with the passing particle. Thus the detector’s signals can be used to determine the energy deposited by the particle in single pixels of a pixel matrix. The development of a new detector raises the question whether our simulation models can accurately describe the physical processes – like ionisation and scattering – taking place during operation. The thesis aims to validate one of the current Monte-Carlo simulations (based on the Geant4 simulation package) of high energy straggling processes using experimental data of a test beam run of DEPFET modules. This is done by calculating the spatial distribution of the electron/hole pairs created in extreme cases of ionisation and using this distribution for comparison and analysis of the data samples.

The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors. No responsibility for them should be attributed to the Bank of Canada. iii Contents Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................ iv Abstract/Résumé..............................................................................................................................v