Close to 30 percent of all patents are chemical patents, of which roughly 10 percent claim IP rights over novel chemical structures using the Markush notation[1-5]. An example of an approved patent with claims on a series of 4-anilino-3-quinolinecarbonitriles-based chemical structures for the

This paper develops a theory of the allocation of formal authority (the right to decide) and real authority (the effective control over decisions) within organizations, and it illustrates how a formally integrated structure can accommodate various degrees of "real" integration. Real

This paper identifies a dichotomy between associative and formal structures as a common phenomenon that occurs in many disciplines. With respect to AI, arguments are provided for combining both associative and formal structures in multi-representational systems.

We present a broad extension of the conventional formalism of state machines and state diagrams, that is relevant to the specification and design of complex discrete-event systems, such as multi-computer real-time systems, communication protocols and digital control units. Our diagrams, which we

ultimately must fit together in a consistent and coherent model imposes even stronger constraints on their structure and operation.

M. Kapranov introduced and studied in math.AG/9802041 the noncommutative formal structure of a smooth affine variety. In this note we show that his construction is a particular case of micro-localization and extend the construction functorially to representation schemes of affine algebras. We

This paper explores the structural differences and relative goodness-of-fits of affine term structure models (ATSMs55). Within the family of ATSMs there is a tradeoff between flexibility in modeling the conditional correlations and volatilities of the risk factors. This trade-off is formalized

are not available. This document describes the Network Time Protocol (NTP), specifies its formal structure and summarizes information useful for its implementation. NTP provides the mechanisms to synchronize time and coordinate time distribution in a large, diverse internet operating at rates from mundane

In the this paper, I take up some analytical questions about the theory of games and its application to social reality. I emphasize the importance of thinking, not in terms of one-off games or even of repeated trials, but in terms of the general motivations or dispositions that exist in a society. In the second part, I consider some complications in the idea of a motivation to cooperate, and the relation of that idea to the idea of trust. In the third part, I offer some very general speculations about the motivations that might be necessary or sufficient to sustain a social framework of cooperation.

In order to understand the functioning of organisms on the molecular level, we need to know which genes are expressed, when and where in the organism, and to which extent. The regulation of gene expression is achieved through genetic regulatory systems structured by networks of interactions between