A warmer climate in western North America will likely affect forests directly through soil moisture stress and indirectly through increased extent and severity of disturbances. We propose that stress complexes, combinations of biotic and abiotic stresses, compromise the vigor and ul-timate sustainability of forest ecosystems. Across western North America, increased water defi-cit will accelerate the normal stress complex experienced in forests, which typically involves some combination of multi-year drought, insects, and fire. Four examples suggest how stress complexes are region-specific. Symptoms of prolonged drought and insects are currently mani-fested in extensive dieback of pine species in the pinyon-juniper forest of the American South-west, an area where only a few tree species can survive. Air pollution and high stand densities from fire exclusion have compromised mixed conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada. Bark beetles are proliferating and killing millions of hectares of dry forest in the northern interior of western North America, setting up the prospect of large and intense fires. Fire and insect mortality have also exceeded previously recorded levels in both interior and south-central Alaska, possibly pre-cipitating extensive ecosystem changes, while extensive permafrost degradation is causing other changes. Increases in fire disturbance superimposed on forests with increased stress from drought and insects may have significant effects on growth, regeneration, long-term distribution and abundance of forest species, and short- and long-term carbon sequestration. The effects of stress complexes will be magnified given a warming climate.

This article examines the influence of patterns of emergence on the effectiveness of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) – a leading wild-capture fisheries certification program. Looking first at the origins and features of this program, direct effects are examined by describing the adoption of the scheme and the impacts of the fishery assessment process. In assessing broader consequences, the article examines patterns of adoption and certification effects that were not necessarily intended or anticipated. The article concludes that fisheries certification alone is unlikely to arrest the decline of fish stocks, and highlights the need for more research on the intersection of private and public efforts to address overfishing and environmental harm resulting from fishing.

in all cases that this represents a true discrepancy in the rate constants as opposed to a failure to take into account the intrinsic differences in chemical and/or physical conditions between laboratory and field settings (Steefel et al., 2005). 0016-7037/ $- see front matter Published by Elsevier

Nontradit ut conc of 542,445 p influe (AEs) were ed wit reaction to v ediate (.002%) vac was re in an emergency room or physician’s office because of an AE. No deaths were reported. We conclude that influenza vaccine administration in mass vaccination clinics is safe and adverse events after influenza vaccination in NTS are extremely low.

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This is the author’s final peer reviewed version of the item published as: Keast, Russell and Riddell, Lynette 2007-07, Caffeine as a flavor additive in soft-drinks,

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