consumption in duty cycle. In this paper steady state probability of sensor nodes are analyzed and derived, i.e., sleep, listen, and active states, in terms of traffic characteristics and timer values, i.e., sleep timer, listen timer, and active timer. This work can be a guideline for appropriate timer

In this paper we present X-MAC, a low power MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Standard MAC protocols developed for duty-cycled WSNs such as B-MAC, which is the default MAC protocol for TinyOS, employ an extended preamble and preamble sampling. While this “low power listening

this paper an adaptation algorithm for th e duty cycle adjus tment during runtime of thes ens or netwo rk is propos ed. Thereby, the traffic originating froms en s or nodes is monitored in the relay node. Subs equently, the relay node evaluates the traffic whether the duty c ycle has to be changed

each transmission, saving energy particularly during low network utilization. Synchronization cost, either explicitly in scheduling, or implicitly in long preambles, limits all these protocols to duty cycles of 1–2%. We demonstrate that ultra-low duty cycles of 0.1% and below are possible with a new

of the donor along the giant branch with a conservative mass transfer rate (1 – 2) × 10 −8 M ⊙ yr −1. This reservoir can support the present observed accretion rate with a duty cycle 0.05 – 0.1 (the active time as a fraction of the total life time). The viscosity time scale at the circularization radius (15

Abstract—Introduction of duty cycle in the binary addressing technique is proposed to enable integration of liquid crystal display drivers with a digital system in a single chip. An analysis of this technique with duty-cycle control is presented. Effects of dutycycle control on brightness

We report the observations of the clear sky fraction at the Concordia station during winter 2006, and derive from it the duty cycle for astronomical observations. Performance in duty cycle and observation duration promotes Dome C for efficient asteroseismic observations. This performance

Abstract. We introduce a definition of gamma-ray burst (GRB) duty cycle that describes the GRB’s efficiency as an emitter; it is the GRB’s average flux relative to the peak flux. This GRB duty cycle is easily described in terms of measured BATSE parameters; it is essentially fluence divided

disruptions. Also, duty cycling is a common technique that constrains the RF operations of wireless devices for saving the battery energy and thus extending the longevity of the network. The combination of opportunistic forwarding and duty cycling is a useful approach for wireless ad hoc and sensor networks

Low-power wireless devices must keep their radio transceivers off as much as possible to reach a low power consumption, but must wake up often enough to be able to receive communication from their neighbors. This report describes the ContikiMAC radio duty cycling mechanism, the default radio duty