the probability of preservation. The model proposed herein leads to quantitative predictions that are consistent with observations on the frequency of long-term duplicate gene preservation and with observations that indicate that a common fate of the members of duplicate-gene pairs is the partitioning of tissue

Abst rac t- Flooding in mobile ad hoc networks has poor scalability as it leads to serious redundancy, contention and collision. In this paper, we propose an efficient approach to reduce the broadcast redundancy. In our approach, local topology information and the statistical information about

counterparts. The model is based on gene duplication plus re-wiring of the newly created genes. The statistical features displayed by the proteome of well-known organisms are reproduced, suggesting that the overall topology of the protein maps naturally emerges from the two leading mechanisms considered

-studies and discussing some relevant findings. By recovering such duplication chains, the maintenance engineer is provided with additional cases of duplication that can lead to relevant refactorings, and which are usually missed by other detection methods.

Gene duplication is widely regarded as the predominant mechanism by which genes with new functions and associated phenotypic novelties arise. However, the mutational events and population-genetic mechanisms that lead to the short-term preservation of duplicate genes are not necessarily the same

in presence of partitions. In networks where message delays cannot be bounded, use of timeouts can lead to unreliability. Therefore, we propose an alternative approach (which can be used in conjunction with previously proposed schemes). We refer to the proposed approach as "weak" duplicate address

to that of homologous crossover. Inversion is shown to potentially introduce oscillations in the dynamics, while gene duplication leads to an asymmetry between homogeneous and heterogeneous strings. All non-homologous operators lead to allele "diffusion" along the chromosome. We discuss how inferences from

copy is found in tetrapods. Individual gene trees for these three genes and a concatenated dataset support the hypothesis that the fish-specific genome duplication event took place after the split of the Acipenseriformes and the Semionotiformes from the lineage leading to teleost fish but before

to resist this type of attack, and in particular we develop one of them which leads, interestingly, to rather precise mathematical analysis. Thus we show that it is possible to build an implementation that is provably DPA-resistant, in a \local" and restricted way (i.e. when { given a chip with a xed

-studies and discussing some relevant findings. By recovering such duplication chains, the maintenance engineer is provided with additional cases of duplication that can lead to relevant refactorings, and which are usually missed by other detection methods.