substitutions. In this method, excess transitions, unequal nucleotide frequencies, and variation of substitution rate among different sites are all taken into account. Application of this method to human and chimpanzee data suggested that the transition / transversion ratio for the entire control region was -15

in living nematodes. Many of the cell lineages are involved in sexual maturation. At hatching, the hermaphrodite and male are almost identical morphologically; by the adult stage, gross anatomical differences are obvious. Some of these sexual differences arise from blast cells whose division patterns

in the tandem mass spectrum. In general, a difference greater than 0.1 between the normalized cross-correlation functions of the first- and second-ranked search results indicates a successfol match between sequence and spectrum. Searches of species-specific protein databases with tandem mass spectra acquired

to localized spectroscopy (2) and chemical shift imaging (3) that are applicable to many chemical species, MRI of water protons has been functionally extended to NMR angiography (4), perfusion imaging It has previously been demonstrated (8, 9) that the presence of deoxyhemoglobin in blood changes the proton

varieties of both species and individual organisms. In contrast, it would notice the absence of a universal code of communication If our martian naturalist were meticulous, it might note that the faculty mediating human communication appears remarkably different from that of other living creatures

Coupled biological and chemical systems, neural networks, social interacting species, the Internet and the World Wide Web, are only a few examples of systems composed by a large number of highly interconnected dynamical units. The first approach to capture the global properties of such systems

Ulcerative keratomycosis ~ case reports on

Orthologs are genes in different species that originate from a single gene in the last common ancestor of these species. Such genes have often retained identical biological roles in the present-day organisms. It is hence important to identify orthologs for transferring functional information

biologists. In this paper we discuss the potential of image analysis methodologies for allowing automatic identification of rat tracks. The approach is basically a refinement of template matching (as designed earlier for automated track localization), now also allowing identification of rat species. 1

TEMPO radicals as EPR probes to monitor the