Wage Diff erentials by Field of Study

Abstract Background Extrapancreatic necrosis is diagnosed on computed tomography (CT) as extrapancreatic changes that are more than fat stranding; both fl uid collections and necrosis would have a similar appearance. Th e aim of this study was to determine the prognostic signifi cance of diff

tensive overlaps in their frequencies among cultivated species and between cultivated and putative ancestral wild species. In this study, 76 accessions of cultivated and 19 accessions of wild species were evaluated for ctDNA types and examined by ctDNA high-resolution markers (ctDNA microsatellites and H3 marker) and nuclear DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). ctDNA high-resolution markers identified 25 different ctDNA haplotypes. The S- and A-type ctDNAs were discriminated as unique haplotypes from 12 haplotypes having C-type ctDNA and T-type ctDNA from 10 haplotypes having W-type ctDNA. Differences among ctDNA types were strongly correlated with those of ctDNA high-resolution markers (r = 0.822). Differentiation between W-type ctDNA and C-, S-, and A-type ctDNAs was supported by nDNA RFLPs in most species except for those of recent or immediate hybrid origin. However, differentiation among C-, S-, and A-type ctDNAs was not clearly supported by nDNA RFLPs, suggesting that frequent genetic exchange occurred among them and (or) they shared the same gene pool owing to common ancestry. Key words: potato, chloroplast DNA, microsatellite markers, nuclear DNA RFLPs. Résumé: Plus de 3500 accessions andéennes sont connues chez la pomme de terre, lesquelles sont classées en sept es-pèces cultivées dont la ploïdie varie de 2x à 5x (Hawkes, 1990). L’ADN chloroplastique (ctDNA), dont on distingue cinq types (T, W, C, S et A), montre d’importants chevauchements quant à la fréquence à laquelle on trouve ces types au sein des espèces cultivées et entre les espèces cultivées par rapport aux espèces ancestrales sauvages. Dans ce tra-

Abstract In birds, spatial segregation between age or sex categories during the non-breeding period is a common phenomenon. The main single-factor hypotheses that have been stated to explain this are: (1) body-size variations (that result in more or less cold tolerance) interact with local climate, which promotes age-or sex-associated distributional optima; (2) the dominant age or sex monopolizes high-quality areas; and (3) the age or sex overwintering closer to breeding quarters does so due to the benefits of earlier arrival at the breeding quarters. Southern European countries host millions of birds from northern Europe during the winter period each year. In this work, we aimed to determine the ultimate causes (geographic location and distance to obligate migratory pathways, temperature and land use as a surrogate for food availability) explaining spatial segregation of Reed Buntings (Emberiza schoeniclus) by age and sex in winter. We used data from 38 sampling points across Iberia during the winter of 2011-2012. Reed Bunting abundance did not fit any of our possible models better than the null model, so we were unable to predict bird numbers across Iberia. Moreover, males were found to be predominant at sites close to presumably obligate migratory pathways (western/eastern Pyrenees). Body mass was higher in first-year birds and males, and tended to increase with distance to obligate migratory pathways, land use (in particular with a decreasing proportion of open habitats and urban areas), increasing minimum temperature, and decreasing mean temperature. Our data suggest that the increase in the proportion of males close to obligate migratory pathways is associated with the advantage to males in wintering as close as possible to breeding quarters.

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Abstract: A subset of protein-bound Fe,S, cubane-type clusters occurs in a [1:3] iron site-differentiated form in which the terminal ligand at the unique site is not a cysteinyl group. Reactions of synthetic site-differentiated [Fe,S,] ” clusters are summarized, including removal of the unique iron atom to afford the [Fe,S,] ’ cuboidal cluster, thereby completing the synthesis of analogues of native iron-sulfur clusters with nuclearity $4. The cuboidal cluster supports metal ion insertion reactions leading to a set of heterometal cubane type clusters MFe,S,, whose redox potentials have been determined as a function of M. Sulfide-bridged double cubanes [MFe,S,]-S-[MFe$,] (M = Mo, Fe; h‘ & = MoFe), another type of site-differentiated cluster, have been prepared as precursors in potential cluster rearrangement reactions leading to the core [MFe,S,] with the same topology as the FeMo-cofactor of nitrogenase.

μmol mol–1 in 2005, with the greatest increase in historic times occur-ring since the 1940s (Prather et al., 2001). In parallel, tropospheric O3 concentrations have increased from the natural background of 10 to 20 nmol mol–1 to the present level of 35 to 40 nmol mol–1 (Vingar-zan, 2004). In addition, regional air pollution episodes during the growing season can increase ground-level O3 concentrations to phy-totoxic levels in major crop production areas in the United States,

Erythema elevatum diutinum is a chronic and rare cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis, characterized by red, purple and yellow papules, plaques and nodules, distributed symmetrically on the extensor surfaces of the limbs. It is associated with several autoimmune, neoplastic and infectious processes, mainly hematological malignancies in about 30 % of the cases. Joint pain and arthritis are frequent symptoms, affecting approximately 40 % of the patients, indicating the need for its inclusion in the differential diagnosis of rheumatic diseases, chiefl y the other presentations of leukocytoclastic vasculitis, which are characterized by the combination of rheumatic manifestations and peculiar cutaneous lesions. We report the case of an 18-year-old female patient who developed erythema elevatum diutinum and whose diagnosis was based on the morphologic characteristics, the distribution pattern of the cutaneous lesions and the histopathological fi ndings of leuko-cytoclastic vasculitis. The major systemic symptom was severe arthritis.

Brain temperature is elevated in acute ischemic stroke, especially in the ischemic penumbra (IP). We attempted to investigate the dynamic evolution of brain temperature in different ischemic regions in a monkey model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The brain temperature of different ischemic regions was measured with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H MRS), and the evolution processes of brain temperature were compared among different ischemic regions. We found that the normal (baseline) brain temperature of the monkey brain was 37.16 • C. In the artery occlusion stage, the mean brain temperature of ischemic tissue was 1.16 • C higher than the baseline; however, this increase was region dependent, with 1.72 • C in the IP, 1.08 • C in the infarct core, and 0.62 • C in the oligemic region. After recanalization, the brain temperature of the infarct core showed a pattern of an initial decrease accompanied by a subsequent increase. However, the brain temperature of the IP and oligemic region showed a monotonously and slowly decreased pattern. Our study suggests that in vivo measurement of brain temperature could help to identify whether ischemic tissue survives.

Patterning the diff erentiation of C2C12 skeletal myoblasts