these assumptions and predictions, subjects supporting and opposing capital punishment were exposed to two purported studies, one seemingly confirming and one seemingly disconfirming their existing beliefs about the deterrent efficacy of the death penalty. As predicted, both proponents and opponents of capital

under Contract DE-AC06-76RL01830

Offender rehabilitation has a long-standing tradition of being scrutinized by academ-ics, policy makers, the media, and, consequently, public opinion. When in the 1970s the first systematic evaluations of offender rehabilitation programs were published, the results were so daunting that the question evolved from “What works? ” to “Does anything work at all? ” (Lipsey & Cullen, 2007). This suggestive question was fol-lowed by a multitude of treatment studies and led to dozens of meta-analyses, which investigated the effectiveness of offender rehabilitation programs—in and out of prison—as well as more punitive programs, such as boot camps. Although general opinion tends to favor rehabilitative over punitive measures—at least in the case of juvenile offenders (Nagin, Piquero, Scott, & Steinberg, 2006)—the latter still gains support from policy makers. Among the factors considered in the discussion of the two measures are cost effec-tiveness and the possible effects on inmate violence. Cutting costs in the criminal justice system by reducing amenities for inmates, such as stripping them of the possi-bility of lifting weights or doing other forms of sport, is perceived as being cost effi-

challenge will tend to fail in precisely those cases where they are relatively most credible signals of an intent to resist with force. The product of a selection effect, this paradoxical implication allows a resolution of the debate on the efficacy of deterrence in crises. And because selection effects can

values for the crime rate and the criminal population. Sensitivity analysis around these values reveals some new insight on the efficacy of deterrence policy. I would like to express my gratitude to the Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation for financial support, and to professor Matti Virén for advice

and 48hrs by laying the leaf on a graph paper and counting the number of 1 mm squares consumed. The feeding deterrence of β-asarone

Abstract In evaluating the efficacy of most modern criminal justice systems, a vital relationship to understand is that between incarceration length (and likelihood) and recidivism. Because most previous attempts to estimate this relationship suffer from omitted variables bias, even the sign

Understanding how birds detect and react to deterrent methods which are employed to protect structures is important both for the effective control of property damage, and to ensure that human health and safety are not compromised. One such device is a shock strip that causes slight pain to birds

Act 2007, Section 3061(b)(1)(D), to conduct a study of a range of options or technologies for reducing impacts of hazards that may reduce the efficacy of the Electrical Dispersal Barriers located on the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (CSSC), hereafter referred to as the Efficacy Study

This thesis is dedicated to my dearest and best friend, my wife Deidra. For the last thirty-one months, you have put up with all that it took to get this done. Words cannot express how much your time, patience, understanding, and love have meant to me through all of this. You have been my “rock ” and the strength that I needed to persevere and finish. It is because of you that I can now say “THE END”! iii Acknowledgments There are a multitude of people that have helped me produce a professional scholarly study. It is only with their help that the success of this study was possible. I would like to personally thank each and every one of them. Mrs. Linda Smithson spearheaded this study from the start. Your willingness to take a step of faith and try something that had never been done before is what allowed this study to ever happen. If not for your many hours of work and dedication, I would not have been able to complete this thesis. You are truly a friend, and I say “Thank You” from the bottom of my heart. Dr. Cramolini was the anesthesiologist that made everything happen behind the