scoring answer is one thing, but what does the score mean, and how confident are we that the best answer, or any given part of it, is correct? A third issue is extensibility. The moment we perfect our ad hoc genefinder, we wish we had also modeled translational initiation consensus, alternative splicing

the pretest to the posttest. Moreover, prompted students who generated o large number of self-explanations (the high explainers) learned with greater understanding than low explainers. Understanding was assessed by answering very complex questions and inducing the function of a component when it was only

Abstract Recently, researchers have demonstrated that "loopy belief propagation" -the use of Pearl's polytree algorithm in a Bayesian network with loops -can perform well in the context of error-correcting codes. The most dramatic instance of this is the near Shannon

is also used to construct model libraries automatically from sequences in structural databases. We evaluate the SAM-T98 method with four datasets. Three of the test sets are fold-recognition tests, where the correct answers are determined by structural similarity. The fourth uses a curated database

A relational database may not satisfy certain integrity constraints (ICs) for several reasons. However most likely most of the information in it is still consistent with the ICs. The answers to queries that are consistent with the ICs can be considered sematically correct answers

Motor Category first learning phase corridor following reflex Figure 8: A two levels perception-action association architecture, RMO1 is used by RMO2 as if it is a sensory output. Each level corresponds to the basic perception-action association architecture. 4 Navigation in an open environment The navigation in an open environment may a priori seem also more complex. Indeed, if we keep the approach developed in section 2 and 3, the problem is not here to find a single object, but a set of local views relevant for place recognition. This entails that the robot should "understand" the objects in its environment (for instance it must know if objects can move). Yet, an animal introduced in a room can learn how to reach a goal easily even without a complete understanding of all the objects. The PerAc architecture can be used to learn the association between a perceived place (represented by a set of local views and their angles in an absolute or a relative referential) and the direct...

Abstract Despite the promise it holds, tutorial CALL has been marginalized within the CALL community. Where the computer is used solely as a tool, the beneficial effects of feedback for language learning are absent. Vocabulary would be one of the areas where tutorial CALL can be of great use to the individual learner. A small study on learning Welsh vocabulary shows some of the areas where feedback in vocabulary CALL could be improved.

Answer to the question W moich zbiorach to już 32. pacjent z potwier-dzoną serologicznie jersiniozą(1,2). Podobne zmiany może spowodować kompylobakterioza, a  także – rzadko – salmonelloza, shigelloza czy Clostridium difficile. W tych trzech ostatnich jednostkach cho-robowych zazwyczaj nie

The authors conducted 4 repetition priming experiments that manipulated prime duration and prime diagnosticity in a visual forced-choice perceptual identification task. The strength and direction of prime diagnosticity produced marked effects on identification accuracy, but those effects were resistant to subsequent changes of diagnosticity. Participants learned to associate different diagnosticities with primes of different durations but not with primes presented in different colors. Regardless of prime diagnosticity, preference for a primed alternative covaried negatively with prime duration, suggesting that even for diagnostic primes, evidence discounting remains an important factor. A computational model, with the assumption that adaptation to the statistics of the experiment modulates the level of evidence discounting, accounted for these results.

Miyamoto et al1 show that intravitreal triamcinolone reduces macular edema as early as 1 hour after injection. They suggest that the time pattern demands that nongenomic mechanisms must be involved in the therapeutic effect of triamcinolone on retinal edema. Vasogenic edema in all tissues, including the retina, may be understood in terms of Starling’s law, 2,3 by which the balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressure differences between vascular and tissue compartments determines the formation or disappearance of edema. Triamcinolone has generally been thought to influence capillary permeability and, thereby, the oncotic pressure gradient between vessel and tissue, and little attention has been paid to possible hemodynamic effects of the drug. However, Paques et al4 have recently reported that retinal vessel tortuosity decreases after intravitreal triamcinolone injection. Retinal vessel length, tortuosity, and diameter change together, and a decrease in tortuosity (length) is associated with a reduction in vessel diameter. 4–6 The early nongenomic effect that Miyamoto et al predict may well be the hemodynamic effect, by which triamcinolone induces retinal vasoconstriction and thereby reduces the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries and reduces edema according to the hydrostatic pressure arm of Starling’s law. 2,3 The genomic effects of the corticosteroid, which decreases the permeability of retinal capillaries, will later affect the oncotic arm of Starling’s law and further reduce edema. 2 Both hydrostatic and oncotic pressure changes need to be considered to understand the mechanism of edema treatment fully.