detergent for cell remodeling and removal of apoptotic debris. 4. In a critical signaling event, a helix in calcineurin becomes bound and surrounded by calmodulin, thereby

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understood. Here we investigate the potential role of calcium and the calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin in myogenesis. Commitment, phenotypic differentiation, and cell fusion are identified as distinct calcium-regulated steps, based on the extracellular calcium concentration required

Pathophysiology and treatment of calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity

The biology of learning, and short-term and long-term memory, as revealed by Aplysia and other organisms, is reviewed. KEY WORDS: Aplysia; learning; memory; serotonin.

Abstract.Previous studies have shown that pigment granule dispersion and aggregation in melanophores of the African cichlid, Tilapia mossambica, are regulated by protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation,

Inhibiting calcineurin activity under physiologic tonicity elevates anabolic but suppresses catabolic chondrocyte markers

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Neuronal degeneration and cell death can result from excessive activation of receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate; however, the very earliest changes in cytoskeletal organization have not been well documented. We have used an in vitro model system to examine the early consequences of intense glutamate receptor activation on dendritic spine synapses. Cultured hippocampal neurons exposed to NMDA for as little as 5 min exhibited a rapid and extensive loss of dendritic spines. Staining for the presynaptic marker synapsin 1 and the postsynaptic density proteins PSD-95 and the NR1 subunit of NMDA receptors remained intact. The disappearance of spines was accompanied by a selective loss of filamentous actin staining at synapses. The NMDA-induced loss of spine actin was time- and concentration-dependent and blocked by NMDA receptor antagonists. The effect was mimicked by L-glutamate,

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