statistics. The variance equation is closely related to the Hamiltonian (canonical) differential equations of the calculus of variations. Analytic solutions are available in some cases. The significance of the variance equation is illustrated by examples which duplicate, simplify, or extend earlier results

reticulate events such as hybridization, horizontal gene transfer, recombination, or gene duplication and-loss are believed to be involved, and, even in the absence of such events, phylogenetic networks have a useful role to play. This paper reviews the terminology used for phylogenetic networks and covers

of multicast support from routers to end systems has the potential to address most problems associated with IP Multicast. However, the key concern is the performance penalty associated with such a model. In particular, End System Multicast introduces duplicate packets on physical links and incurs larger end

present a framework for improving duplicate detection using trainable measures of textual similarity. We propose to employ learnable text distance functions for each database field, and show that such measures are capable of adapting to the specific notion of similarity that is appropriate for the field

ABSTRACT It has often been argued that gene-duplication events are most commonly followed by a mutational event that silences one member of the pair, while on rare occasions both members of the pair are preserved as one acquires a mutation with a beneficial function and the other retains

inversions, as well as numerous segmental duplications and copy number variation regions. Non-SNP DNA variation accounts for 22 % of all events identified in the donor, however they involve 74 % of all variant bases. This suggests an important role for non-SNP genetic alterations in defining the diploid

Background: Multiple genome alignment remains a challenging problem. Effects of recombination including rearrangement, segmental duplication, gain, and loss can create a mosaic pattern of homology even among closely related organisms. Methodology/Principal Findings: We describe a new method

The importance of gene duplication in supplying raw genetic material to biological evolution has been recognized since the 1930s. Recent genomic sequence data provide substantial evidence for the abundance of duplicated genes in all organisms surveyed. But how do newly duplicated genes survive

Detecting database records that are approximate duplicates, but not exact duplicates, is an important task. Databases may contain duplicate records concerning the same realworld entity because of data entry errors, because of unstandardized abbreviations, or because of differences in the detailed

times repeated, and have adapted them to the most diverse purposes. Charles Darwin, 1859 (23) I Abstract Over 35 years ago, Susumu Ohno stated that gene duplication was the single most important factor in evolution (97). He reiterated this point a few years later in proposing that without duplicated