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Abstract—This paper surveys recent technical research on the problems of privacy and security for radio frequency identification (RFID). RFID tags are small, wireless devices that help identify objects and people. Thanks to dropping cost, they are likely to proliferate into the billions in the next several years—and eventually into the trillions. RFID tags track objects in supply chains, and are working their way into the pockets, belongings, and even the bodies of consumers. This survey examines approaches proposed by scientists for privacy protection and integrity assurance in RFID systems, and treats the social and technical context of their work. While geared toward the nonspecialist, the survey may also serve as a reference for specialist readers. Index Terms—Authentication, cloning, counterfeiting, electronic product code (EPC), privacy, radio frequency identification (RFID), security. I.

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power radiated from a point decays in an isotropic way with Euclidean distance, the geometry of the locations of the nodes plays a key role since it determines the signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) at each receiver and hence the possibility of establishing simultaneously this collection

This paper gives HRTF magnitude data in numerical form for 43 frequencies between 0.2---12 kHz, the average of 12 studies representing 100 different subjects. However, no phase data is included in the tables; group delay simulation would need to be included in order to account for ITD. In 3-D sound applications intended for many users, we want might want to use HRTFs that represent the common features of a number of individuals. But another approach might be to use the features of a person who has desirable HRTFs, based on some criteria. (One can sense a future 3-D sound system where the pinnae of various famous musicians are simulated.) A set of HRTFs from a good localizer (discussed in Chapter 2) could be used if the criterion were localization performance. If the localization ability of the person is relatively accurate or more accurate than average, it might be reasonable to use these HRTF measurements for other individuals. The Convolvotron 3-D audio system (Wenzel, Wightman, and Foster, 1988) has used such sets particularly because elevation accuracy is affected negatively when listening through a bad localizers ears (see Wenzel, et al., 1988). It is best when any single nonindividualized HRTF set is psychoacoustically validated using a 113 statistical sample of the intended user population, as shown in Chapter 2. Otherwise, the use of one HRTF set over another is a purely subjective judgment based on criteria other than localization performance. The technique used by Wightman and Kistler (1989a) exemplifies a laboratory-based HRTF measurement procedure where accuracy and replicability of results were deemed crucial. A comparison of their techniques with those described in Blauert (1983), Shaw (1974), Mehrgardt and Mellert (1977), Middlebrooks, Makous, and Gree...

ly, the remote procedure call problem, which an RPC protocol undertakes to solve, consists of emulating LPC using message passing. LPC has a number of "properties" -- a single procedure invocation results in exactly one execution of the procedure body, the result returned is reliably delivered to the invoker, and exceptions are raised if (and only if) an error occurs. Given a completely reliable communication environment, which never loses, duplicates, or reorders messages, and given client and server processes that never fail, RPC would be trivial to solve. The sender would merely package the invocation into one or more messages, and transmit these to the server. The server would unpack the data into local variables, perform the desired operation, and send back the result (or an indication of any exception that occurred) in a reply message. The challenge, then, is created by failures. Were it not for the possibility of process and machine crashes, an RPC protocol capable of overcomi...

A penetrating analysis of our technical civilization and of the effect of an increasingly standardized culture on the future of man

WHO monographs on medicinal plants

Abstract—Millimeter-wave (mmWave) transmissions are promising technologies for high data rate (multi-Gbps) Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). In this paper, we first introduce the concept of exclusive region (ER) to allow concurrent transmissions to explore the spatial multiplexing gain