Concern has arisen in recent years that selection for extreme facial morphology in the do-mestic dog may be leading to an increased frequency of eye disorders. Corneal ulcers are a common and painful eye problem in domestic dogs that can lead to scarring and/or perfora-tion of the cornea

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is the leading alternative, other approaches include distance-based methods that use transformed or inferred distances, for example, logdet/paralinear distances (see Nevertheless, ML methodology enjoys far from universal acceptance. Objections to ML include the following: Concern about the validity and exact

risk factor for human sleep apnoea and not previously realised in dogs; and obesity was found to further increase BOAS risk. This study provides evidence that breeding for brachycephaly leads to an increased risk of BOAS in dogs, with risk increasing as the morphology becomes more exaggerated. As such

, but also by cultural aspects such as religion, a history of conflicts, and genetic similarities. We then find that lower relative levels of trust toward citizens of a country lead to less trade with that country, less portfolio investment, and less direct investment in that country, even after controlling

Abstract. The areal modeling of the extremes of a natural process such as rainfall or temperature is important in environmental statistics; for example, understanding extreme areal rainfall is crucial in flood protection. This ar-ticle reviews recent progress in the statistical modeling of spatial

, but not the individual components. This leads to moral hazard with respect to the risk choices of the agent. Using a recent theory of singular changes of measures for Ito processes, we formulate a principal-agent problem in this context, and solve it in the case of CARA preferences. In that case, the optimal contract

m per day would incur 4000 shoulder revolutions daily. Given that repetitive upper extremity usage at or above shoulder level has been identified as a risk factor for shoulder pain, it is not surprising that those with greater exposure have pain and disability. In the masters group, the +PDD group

from oil, diamonds, and even foreign aid crowd out production. In extreme cases this crowding out of ordinary production can be complete, whereby all economic resources can be devoted to the unproductive competition for rents. The article then reviews factors that lead either to actual war or to peace

Parametric max-stable processes are increasingly used to model spatial extremes. Since the dependence structure is specified for block maxima, the data used for inference are block maxima from all sites. To improve the estimation efficiency, we propose a two-step approach with composite likelihood