we proposed a notion of accordance to decide if the public view N of a party involved in a contract can be substituted by a modified version N ′ , the private view of N. We also presented several accordance preserving transformation rules. These rules allow to derive a private view N ′ from a given

A contract specifies an interorganizational process together with a distribution of responsibilities for the activities among the parties involved. In this paper, we formally show how a party can implement its part of the contract such that the implementation accords with the contract. We propose a

To implement an interorganizational process between different enterprizes, one needs to agree on the ‘rules of engagement’. These can be specified in terms of a contract that describes the overall intended process and the duties of all parties involved. We propose to use such a process

, economics, linguistics, and psychology. A key insight of the framework presented here is that coordination can be seen as the process of managing dependencies among activities. Further progress, therefore, should be possible by characterizing different kinds of dependencies and identifying the coordination

In this paper, we propose to use coordinates-based mechanisms in a peer-to-peer architecture to predict Internet network distance (i.e. round-trip propagation and transmission delay) . We study two mechanisms. The first is a previously proposed scheme, called the triangulated heuristic, which is based on relative coordinates that are simply the distances from a host to some special network nodes. We propose the second mechanism, called Global Network Positioning (GNP), which is based on absolute coordinates computed from modeling the Internet as a geometric space. Since end hosts maintain their own coordinates, these approaches allow end hosts to compute their inter-host distances as soon as they discover each other. Moreover coordinates are very efficient in summarizing inter-host distances, making these approaches very scalable. By performing experiments using measured Internet distance data, we show that both coordinates-based schemes are more accurate than the existing state of the art system IDMaps, and the GNP approach achieves the highest accuracy and robustness among them.

Indicators of the development of the financial sector do not improve monotonically over time. In particular, we find that by most measures, countries were more financially developed in 1913 than in 1980 and only recently have they surpassed their 1913 levels. This pattern cannot be explained by structural theories that attribute cross-country differences in financial development to time-invariant factors, such as a country's legal origin or culture. We propose an "interest group" theory of financial development where incumbents oppose financial development because it breeds competition. The theory predicts that incumbents' opposition will be weaker when an economy allows both cross-border trade and capital flows. This theory can go some way in accounting for the cross-country differences and the time series variation of financial development. When we recognize that different kinds of institutional heritages afford different scope for private interests to express themselves, we obtain a...

The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Acknowledgements: We would like to thank Anke Höffler for research assistance in section 2 and Chris Adam, Janine Aron, Kees Burger, Bill Kinsey, Remco Oostendorp, Ritva Reinikka, Francis Teal, Steve Younger and three referees for comments. Abstract: Africa has had slow growth and a massive exodus of capital. In many respects it has been the most capital-hostile region. We review and interpret the aggregate-level and microeconomic literatures to identify the key explanations for this performance. There is a reasonable correspondence of the two sets of evidence, pointing to four factors as being important. These are a lack of openness to international trade; a high-risk environment; a low level of social capital; and poor infrastructure. These problems are to a substantial extent attributable to government behaviour and the paper includes a review of the political economy literature which addresses that behaviour

Implementation

and on-demand. For economic and practical reasons, we want an automated provisioning process for both the service itself as well as the SLA managment system that measures and monitors the QoS parameters, checks the agreed-upon service levels, and reports violations to the authorized parties involved

significant bearing on the modeling of the business processes in which they participate. Conventional approaches are not suitable for open environments because (1) they lack support for modeling and management of contracts among organizations, (2) the modeling ab-stractions they offer do not afford crucial