chaetognaths group with deuterostomes; brachiopods are allied with the molluscs and annelids (Lophotrochozoa), whereas chaetognaths are allied with the ecdysozoans. The major discordance between the two types of data concerns the rooting of the bilaterians, and the bilaterian sister-taxon. Morphology suggests

friderici were found to be parasitized by metacercariae of digenean species and metacestodes. Parasites belonged to Derogenes sp., Ectenurus virgulus, Monascus filiformis, Lepocreadiidae, Parahemiurus merus and tetraphyllidean metacestodes. Among the chaetognaths parasitized, 178 (91%) harboured

Abstract. The daytime vertical distribution of Sagata crassa in Tokyo Bay was examined from February 13, 1988 to February 20, 1989 High densities of larger-size chaetognaths were found near the sea bottom, whereas the smaller animals tended to inhabit the upper layers. This feature of distribution

components from five taxa were apparent: fishes, crustaceans, mollusks, cnidarians and chaetognaths. Percentage weight and volume did not vary throughout the year, and showed a distinct preference for fishes, whereas the numeric index showed a preference for crustaceans followed by fishes, chaetognaths

typically represent the remains of degradation-resistant acel-lular and extracellular ‘‘tissues’ ’ such as chaetae and cuticles, whereas three-dimensional preservation rep-resents labile cellular tissues with a propensity for attracting and precipitating early diagenetic minerals. Such distinction helps

rates, dependingmainly on thematurity of the S. enflata population. When Stages I and II individuals dominated, predation focused on the small P. parvus andOithona spp., whereas moremature populations (Stages III and IV) preyed selectively on C. chilensis. The mean specific daily ration of 0.1 d21

Phylogenomic analyses have revealed several important metazoan clades, such as the Ecdysozoa and the Lophotrochozoa. However, the phylogenetic positions of a few taxa, such as ctenophores, chaetognaths, acoelomorphs, and Xenoturbella, remain contentious. Thus, the findings of qualitative markers

eutrophication and the massive invasion of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. The relative contribution of copepods, cladocerans, chaetognaths, and appendicularians to total zooplankton biomass has notably decreased, whereas gelatinous groups (mainly represented by Mnemiopsis and Aurelia aurita) con-tributed up

, and environmental associations of near-surface zooplankton from June and August 2000 GLOBEC cruises were examined. Crab megalopae, hyperiid amphipods, euphausiids, and chaetognaths dominated the near-surface zooplankton community during both cruises. A geostatistical approach was used to determine that near